or notched, longest 3.5–11.2 cm; stem roots present or absent. Stems to 3.1 m. Buds rounded in cross-section. Leaves in 2–8 whorls or partial whorls, 3–16
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margin. Barkworth, M.E. 1997. Taxonomic and nomenclatural comments on the Triticeae in North America. Phytologia 83:302-311 Barkworth, M.E. 2000. Changing
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palustris varietyThelypteris palustris var. pubescens (Lawson) Fernald Rhodora 31: 34. 1929. Alan R. Smith Basionym: Lastrea thelypteris var. pubescens Lawson
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often fugaceous and withered at anthesis; blade linear to linearlanceolate, 3–31 × 0.3–2 cm. Spikes dense. Flowers not resupinate, showy, white; lateral sepals
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familySaxifragaceae genusHeuchera speciesHeuchera alba Rydberg Torreya 26: 31, plate 2. 1926,. Elizabeth Fortson Wells, Barbara Greene Shipes Treatment
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 473. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants irregularly branched
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resinous). Staminate florets 18–35; corollas 4.2–5 mm. Pistillate florets 19–31; corollas 2.5–3.5 mm. Cypselae 2–2.6 mm, finely 8–10-nerved, glabrous; pappi
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North America Association Plants not cespitose; rhizomes long. Culms erect, 5–31 cm. Leaves: sheaths and bases from previous year’s leaves persistent; blades
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 630. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Capsule commonly wide-mouthed
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Polypodium polypodioides var. michauxianum Weatherby Contr. Gray Herb. 124: 31. 1939 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Stems long-creeping, much branched
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yellow-green, oblong to rounded, 5-9 × 4-8 mm; stamens 15-23 mm. Follicles 15-31 mm; beak 10-18 mm. 2n = 14. Phenology: Flowering spring–summer (Mar–Jun).
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subtribe Pectidinae genusTagetes speciesTagetes micrantha Cavanilles Icon. 4: 31, plate 352. 1797. John L. Strother Illustrated Treatment appears in FNA Volume
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ambrosiifolia (A. Gray) A. Gray Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 31. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association
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varietyPenstemon ambiguus var. laevissimus (D. D. Keck) N. H. Holmgren Brittonia 31: 104. 1979. Craig C. Freeman Illustrated Basionym: Penstemon ambiguus subsp
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speciesPohlia lescuriana (Sullivant) Ochi J. Fac. Educ. Tottori Univ., Nat. Sci. 19: 31. 1968. A. Jonathan Shaw Illustrated Basionym: Bryum lescurianum Sullivant
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varietyHygroamblystegium varium var. humile (P. Beauvois) Vanderpoorten & Hedenas J. Bryol. 31: 131. 2009. Alain Vanderpoorten Basionym: Hypnum humile (P. Beauvois) Ochyra
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familyPlantaginaceae genusPlantago speciesPlantago ovata Forsskål Fl. Aegypt.-Arab., 31. 1775. Alexey Shipunov Common names: Desert Indian-wheat Illustrated Synonyms:
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Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Culms 7–31 cm. Leaf-blades involute, bristlelike, 3–21 cm × 0.2–1 mm. Inflorescences:
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level, 1.3-2.5 times as long as trophophore; sporangial clusters 2-4 × 0.13-0.31 cm, pairs of sporangia 20-40, apiculum 0-1.3 mm. Phenology: Leaves appearing
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seen from that state. In M. laxum the submersed leaves are usually whorled but often irregular and sometimes alternate; in M. humile the leaves are usually
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example, M. aquaticum and M. spicatum). This issue is further complicated by hybridization of M. spicatum with native M. sibiricum (see 8. M. spicatum
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Conservation concern Basionym: Pepo okeechobeensis Small J. New York Bot. Gard. 31: 12, figs. 1, 2. 1930 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 6. Treatment on page
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flora). Pryer, K. M. and D. M. Britton. 1983. Spore studies in the genus Gymnocarpium. Canad. J. Bot. 61: 377--388. Pryer, K. M., D. M. Britton, and J.
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Engelmann & A. Gray Boston J. Nat. Hist. 5: 263. 1845. Anita F. Cholewa, Douglass M. Henderson† Illustrated Basionym: Sisyrinchium filiforme Rafinesque 1833 Sisyrinchium
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Candolle) Urbatsch & Wussow Brittonia 31: 273. 1979. Lowell E. Urbatsch, Loran C. Anderson, Roland P. Roberts, Kurt M. Neubig Common names: Narrowleaf goldenbush
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crebra Fernald & Griscom Treatment appears in FNA Volume 10. Stems to 0.5 m. Leaves dimorphic to heteromorphic, pectinate or lobed to serrate; petiole
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47. Mentioned on page 25, 37, 39, 46, 107, 121. Shrubs or trees, 1–9 (–11) m. Stems: branches flexible to highly brittle at base, yellowbrown, gray-brown
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Symphyotrichum speciesSymphyotrichum boreale (Torrey & A. Gray) Á. Löve & D. Löve Taxon 31: 358. 1982. Luc Brouillet, John C. Semple, Geraldine A. Allen, Kenton L. Chambers
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usually white, rarely purple. Cauline leaves 1–3 (–4); petiole (2–) 4–20 (–31) mm, glabrous or sparsely villous proximally, hairs white or reddish-brown
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where the collections of E. macounii were made (P. M. Catling and S. G. Hay 1993; B. M. H. Larson and P. M. Catling 1996). None. None. window.propertiesFr
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monoecious, aquatic, often forming dense stands. Stems often branched, to 2.5 m. Turions absent. Leaves usually in whorls of 4 (–6), often subverticillate
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Betuloideae genusBetula speciesBetula alleghaniensis Britton Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 166. 1904. John J. Furlow Common names: Yellow birch merisier bouleau jaune
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Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Trees, deciduous, to 30 m; lower trunk without stubs of dead branches. Bark dark gray to dark-brown,
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Basionym: Mimulus parryi A. Gray Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 11: 97. 1876 Synonyms: M. spissus var. lincolnensis Edwin Treatment appears in FNA Volume 17. Treatment
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Pectis pinnata Lamarck J. Hist. Nat. 2: 150, plate 31. 1792 Synonyms: Schkuhria anthemoidea (de Candolle) J. M. Coulter Schkuhria anthemoidea var. wislizeni (A
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Treatment on page 467. Mentioned on page 458, 469, 473. Shrubs, to 3 (–5) m, usually not rhizomatous. Stems: bark smooth to vertically furrowed, shredding;
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Volume 27. Treatment on page 412. Mentioned on page 413. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants in loose tufts
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469. Mentioned on page 459, 466, 467, 468, 470, 471. Shrubs or trees, to 6 m, usually not rhizomatous. Stems: bark smooth to vertically furrowed, shredding;
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appears in FNA Volume 6. Treatment on page 168. Herbs or shrubs, 0.2 [–1.5] m, hairs simple, glandular-hairs microcapitate. Leaves not aromatic; petiole
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genusClaytonia speciesClaytonia rosea Rydberg Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 404. 1904. John M. Miller Common names: Rocky Mountain spring beauty Synonyms: Claytonia
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Oönopsis monocephala A. Nelson Bot. Gaz. 31: 399. 1901 Synonyms: Haplopappus fremontii subsp. monocephalus (A. Nelson) H. M. Hall Treatment appears in FNA Volume
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Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels Treatment appears in FNA Volume 10. Shrubs, 1–5 m; bark fibrous or hard-papery. Leaves alternate; blade narrowly elliptic to
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gloriosus varietyCeanothus gloriosus var. porrectus J. T. Howell Leafl. W. Bot. 4: 31. 1944. Clifford L. Schmidt†, Dieter H. Wilken Common names: Mount Vision ceanothus
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areole, usually white (rarely light-brown), elliptic in cross-section, 15–31 × 0.5–1.8 mm. Flowers fragrant, funnelform (rarely campanulate), 3–5 (–6)
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Flora of North America Association Plants densely to loosely cespitose. Culms 31–115 cm × 0.9–2 mm, smooth, serrulate, or scabriduous at mid height. Leaves:
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genusHymenoxys speciesHymenoxys helenioides (Rydberg) Cockerell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 481. 1904. Mark W. Bierner Common names: Intermountain rubberweed or bitterweed
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hispido-scabrous, sparsely stipitate-glandular; distal sessile, blades oblanceolate, 14–31 × 3.3–5.2 mm, reduced distally, apices acute. Heads 8–50 (–78), in open paniculiform
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John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 0.03–0.15 m, (dwarf), forming clones by layering. Stems prostrate, long-trailing; branches
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Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 0.6–1.3 m, not clonal. Stems erect; branches gray-brown, hairy; branchlets redbrown,
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1 introduced) Johnson, D. M. 1985. New records for longevity of Marsilea sporocarps. Amer. Fern J. 75: 30--31. Johnson, D. M. 1988. Proposal to conserve
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margins of ponds and streams Elevation: 0-50 m Generated Map Legacy Map Colo., Kans., S.C., Tex., South America M. Bywater and G. E. Wickens (1984) cited Crassula
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Plummer’s baccharis Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 31. Mentioned on page 30. Plants 60–200 cm. Stems villous, eglandular. Leaves
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from previous year’s leaves absent; blades widely V-shaped in cross-section, 31 cm × 2.5 mm. Scales ovate, 2.5 × 1.5 mm. Perigynia ovate, (1.8–) 2–2.5 (–3)
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Sterile flowers present, white, greenish white, pink, or reddish, tube 11–31 mm, lobes 4 (–5), obovate to broadly ovate or round, 6–20 × 5–20 mm. Bisexual
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 5. Treatment on page 33. Mentioned on page 31. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association
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Taxa Brachychiton, Firmiana Burnett Outlines Bot., 821, 1119. 1835. Margaret M. Hanes Introduced Treatment appears in FNA Volume 6. Treatment on page 189
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Festuceae Poa and Puccinellia. Canad. J. Bot. 39:123-138 Duckert-Henroid, M.M. and C. Favarger. 1987. Contribution a la cytotaxonomie et a la cytogeographie
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or crenately lobed, rarely pinnatisect. Fruits (slenderly) lanceoloid, 19–31 mm, usually not constricted at articulation; terminal segment at least 2 times
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subsp. densiflorus T. I. Chuang & Heckard Syst. Bot. Monogr. 10: 81, figs. 9g, 31r. 1986. Kerry A. Barringer Endemic Synonyms: Cordylanthus kingii var. densiflorus (T
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eastwoodiae Britton in N. L. Britton and J. N. Rose, New N. Amer. Crassul., 31. 1903 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 219. Mentioned
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Follicles 24-31 mm; beak 16-26 mm. Phenology: Flowering summer (Jul–Sep). Habitat: Near streams or in damp rocky places in canyons Elevation: 1370-1520 m Generated
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familyPiperaceae genusPeperomia speciesPeperomia alata Ruiz & Pavon Fl. Peruv. 1: 31. 1798. David E. Boufford Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Herbs, perennial
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varietyThysanocarpus laciniatus var. rigidus Munz Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 31: 62. 1932. Patrick J. Alexander, Michael D. Windham Treatment appears in FNA
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varietyThysanocarpus laciniatus var. hitchcockii Munz Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 31: 62. 1932. Patrick J. Alexander, Michael D. Windham Endemic Treatment appears
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genusCrassula speciesCrassula viridis (S. Watson) Fedde Just’s Bot. Jahresber. 31(1): 829. 1904,. Reid V. Moran Basionym: Tillaea viridis S. Watson Proc. Amer
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Basionym: Physaria didymocarpa var. lanata A. Nelson Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 241. 1904 Synonyms: Physaria lanata Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 28. Treatment on page 31. Mentioned on page 10. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association
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Mentioned on page 31. Salix humboldtiana Willdenow: Humboldt willow not known to occur in the flora area. It characterized by: trees, 4–25 m; branches highly
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Gormania retusa Rose in N. L. Britton and J. N. Rose, New N. Amer. Crassul., 31. 1903 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 218. Mentioned
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12–13. Disc-florets (12–) 18–31.2n = 24. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Sep. Habitat: Coastal bluffs, fields Elevation: 30–50 m Generated Map Legacy Map Calif
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Paniceae genusPaspalum speciesPaspalum pubiflorum Rupr. ex E. Fourn. Charles M. Allen, David W. Hall Common names: Hairyseed paspalum Synonyms: Paspalum pubiflorum
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subg. Phyllantherum speciesTrillium foetidissimum J. D. Freeman Brittonia 27: 31, fig. 7. 1975. Frederick W. Case Jr. Common names: Stinking trillium fetid
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lobes nonoverlapping, 1-serrate or 2-serrate, surfaces glabrous; cauline 3–31, blade lanceolate, 10–150 x 1–25 mm, 1-pinnatifid, margins of adjacent lobes
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leaning), cylindric, (20–) 45–150 (–300) × (20–) 25–40 (–50) cm; ribs (18–) 21–31, shallowly notched immediately above each areole. Spines 12–32 per areole
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atwoodii S. L. Welsh Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 31. Mentioned on page 26. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora
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Limodorinae genusListera speciesListera borealis Morong Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 31. 1893. Lawrence K. Magrath, Ronald A. Coleman Common names: Northern twayblade
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spreading or reflexed. Corollas red (rarely white or pink), 26–40 mm. 2n = 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 60. Phenology: Flowering summer (Apr–Sep). Habitat: Coastal scrub
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Callichroa platyglossa Fischer & C. A. Meyer Index Seminum (St. Petersburg) 2: 31. 1836 Synonyms: Layia platyglossa subsp. campestris D. D. Keck Layia ziegleri Munz
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appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment on page 32. Mentioned on page 27, 29, 30, 31. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems:
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subspeciesPolygonum polygaloides subsp. kelloggii (Greene) J. C. Hickman Madroño 31: 251. 1984. Mihai Costea, François J. Tardif, Harold R. Hinds† Common names:
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Conservation concern Basionym: Mammillaria nickelsiae K. Brandegee Zoë 5: 31. 1900 (as Mamillaria nickelsa e) Synonyms: Coryphantha calochlora Boedeker
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 5. Treatment on page 34. Mentioned on page 31. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association
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genusBoechera speciesBoechera collinsii (Fernald) Á. Löve & D. Löve Taxon 31: 125. 1982. Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, Michael D. Windham Basionym: Arabis collinsii Fernald
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tribePoaceae tribe Paniceae genusPaspalum speciesPaspalum notatum Flüggé Charles M. Allen, David W. Hall Common names: Bahiagrass Introduced Synonyms: Paspalum
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University Plants cespitose, open and ovate to obpyramidal above. Culms 1.1-3.1 m; internodes not glaucous; branches arching. Sheaths smooth; ligules 0.2-0.5
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polygaloides subsp. confertiflorum (Nuttall ex Piper) J. C. Hickman Madroño 31: 251. 1984. Mihai Costea, François J. Tardif, Harold R. Hinds† Endemic Basionym:
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subspeciesPolygonum polygaloides subsp. esotericum (L. C. Wheeler) J. C. Hickman Madroño 31: 251. 1984. Mihai Costea, François J. Tardif, Harold R. Hinds† Common names:
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Basionym: Polygonum caurianum B. L. Robinson Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 31: 264. 1904 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 5. Treatment on page 555. Mentioned
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appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment on page 31. Mentioned on page 30, 32. Perennial herbs or subshrubs, to 0.6 m, to 1 m diam. Stems ± prostrate, radiating from
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75: 86. 1993. Lowell E. Urbatsch, Loran C. Anderson, Roland P. Roberts, Kurt M. Neubig Common names: Smooth-fruit rabbitbrush Endemic Basionym: Bigelowia
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Curve-leaf yucca Endemic Basionym: Yucca recurvifolia Salisbury Parad. Lond., plate 31. 1806 Synonyms: Yucca pendula Groenland Yucca recurva Haworth Treatment appears
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1936. David M. Bates Common names: Large-flowered wild hollyhock Endemic Basionym: Sphaeralcea grandiflora Rydberg Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 565. 1904
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1936. David M. Bates Common names: Crandall’s wild hollyhock Endemic Basionym: Sphaeralcea crandallii Rydberg Bull. Bot. Torrey Club 31: 564. 1904 Synonyms:
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 55. Mentioned on page 28, 30, 31, 32, 37, 50, 54, 56. Shrubs, usually dioecious, to 2 dm, armed. Stems biennial
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Treatment on page 92. Mentioned on page 80, 87, 91. Shrubs, evergreen, 1–5 m. Stems erect to ascending, not rooting at nodes; branchlets green to reddish-brown
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branching shrub with red anthers; and H. hookerianum Wight & Arnott, a shrub to 2 m tall with narrow leaves and a dense ring of relatively short stamens, recorded
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E. B. 1928. Studies in Funaria from southwestern United States. Bryologist 31: 89–96 Fife, A. J. 1979. Taxonomic observations on three species of North
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speciesGymnocarpium appalachianum Pryer & Haufler Syst. Bot. 18: 161. 1993. Kathleen M. Pryer Common names: Appalachian oak fern Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2
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Spores 17–31 µm. Habitat: Deciduous trees, on Acer and Alnus trunks in moist woods, conifers Elevation: low to moderate elevations (10- 1000 m) Generated
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upper ligules caudate or acuminate; blades to 1 m long and 13 (25) mm wide, glabrous. Panicles 16-31 cm long, 1-10 cm wide; branches unisexual. Staminate
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familyDryopteridaceae genusNephrolepis speciesNephrolepis multiflora (Roxburgh) F. M. Jarrett ex C. V. Morton Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 38: 309. 1974. Clifton E.
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glutinosus (J. C. Wendland) Nuttall D. glutinosus var. aurantiacus (Curtis) Lindley M. glutinosus J. C. Wendland Treatment appears in FNA Volume 17. Treatment on
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speciesSisyrinchium funereum E. P. Bicknell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 387. 1904. Anita F. Cholewa, Douglass M. Henderson† EndemicConservation concern Treatment appears
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elevational overlap (for example, at Marshall Gulch, about 2500 m; at Bear Wallow Campground, about 2600 m). None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus"
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peduncles of lateral smooth; peduncles of terminal spikes (0.5–) 1.6–15 (–31) mm, barely to much exceeding lateral spikes; proximal bract sheath loose
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overlapping; lateral spikes pistillate or rarely androgynous, with 3–19 perigynia, 5–31 × 6.7–11.4 mm, ratio of spike length (in mm) to flower number =1.6–2.1 (–2
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reflexed, faces glabrate, sparsely to densely stipitate-glandular. Ray-florets 15–31; corollas violet, laminae (5–) 6–15 × 1–2 mm. Disc-florets 25–40; corollas
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widest blades 2.2–3.5 (–3.9) mm wide, smooth abaxially. Inflorescences 0.31–0.94 of culm height; peduncles of lateral spikes barely scaberulous or smooth;
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Michael S. Ignatov Endemic Basionym: Hypnum brandegeei Austin Bot. Gaz. 3: 31. 1878 (as brandegei) Synonyms: Cirriphyllum brandegeei (Austin) Grout Treatment
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genusSclerocactus speciesSclerocactus cloverae K. D. Heil & J. M. Porter Haseltonia 2: 31. 1994. Kenneth D. Heil, J. Mark Porter Common names: Clover eagle-claw
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Basionym: Cheilanthes covillei subsp. intertexta Maxon Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 31: 149. 1918 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Stems short-creeping, usually
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excluding rays). Peduncular bracts 9–19 × 1–2 mm. Ray laminae (15–) 17–25 (–31) × (3.2–) 3.4–5.5 (–8.2) mm, veins (5–) 8–10 (–12). Phenology: Flowering summer
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varietyHeuchera villosa var. arkansana (Rydberg) E. B. Smith Proc. Arkansas Acad. Sci. 31: 100. 1977 ,. Elizabeth Fortson Wells, Barbara Greene Shipes Common names:
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William J. Hess Basionym: Vauquelinia pauciflora Standley Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 31: 132. 1918 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 431. Mentioned
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sepals, apex obtuse; lip adnate to base of column, clawed, 3-lobed, 30–35 × 27–31 mm, middle lobe subquadrangular, flabellate, emarginate, margins crispate-undulate
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tribe Gnaphalieae genusAntennaria speciesAntennaria aromatica Evert Madroño 31: 109, fig. 1. 1984. Randall J. Bayer Common names: Scented or aromatic pussytoes
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genusCrataegus speciesCrataegus ×lucorum Crataegus ×lucorum Sargent Bot. Gaz. 31: 227. 1901. James B. Phipps Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment
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not reproducing vegetatively by stolons. Fertile stems ascending to erect, 5–31 (–65) cm; sterile stems to 8 (–25) cm. Leaves of fertile stems: blade linear
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hudsonianum (Michaux) Persoon Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 31. Mentioned on page 29, 30. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North
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familyPolygalaceae genusPolygala speciesPolygala watsonii Chodat Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 31(2): 285, plate 26, figs. 8, 9. 1893. (as watsoni) J. Richard Abbott Common
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ramulosa (de Candolle) A. Gray Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 31. Mentioned on page 24, 25. Shrubs, 30–100 cm (diffusely and evenly branched
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0. Involucres narrowly to broadly campanulate, 9–12 × 4–10 mm. Phyllaries 31–49 in 5–6+ series (midstripes green or reddish), broadly ovate (outermost)
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Sp. Pl. 2: 613. 1753 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 17. Treatment on page 31. Mentioned on page 28. Perennials, from taproot, not reproducing vegetatively
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Sp. Pl. 2: 613. 1753 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 17. Treatment on page 31. Mentioned on page 27, 28. Perennials, not reproducing vegetatively by stolons
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agoseris Endemic Basionym: Agoseris eastwoodiae Fedde Just’s Bot. Jahresber. 31(1): 808. 1904 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 19. Treatment on page 332. Mentioned
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mm, glabrous, lobes 5–9 x 6–15 mm; filaments 12–26 mm, glabrous; style 27–31 mm. Capsules ovoid to pyriform, 11–13 x 9–11 mm, glabrous. 2n = 24. Phenology:
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Robert Kral Illustrated Basionym: Scirpus castaneus Michaux Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 31. 1803 Synonyms: Fimbristylis cylindrica Vahl Fimbristylis spadicea var. castanea (Michaux)
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James B. Phipps Endemic Basionym: Crataegus engelmannii Sargent Bot. Gaz. 31: 2. 1901 (as engelmanni) Synonyms: C. albicera Beadle C. bellica Sargent C
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ovary 18–31 mm. Phenology: Flowering Aug–Sep. Habitat: Moist to wet sandy and peaty meadows, marshes, pine savannas, open woods Elevation: 0–400 m Generated
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Scirpus verecundus Fernald Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 31. Mentioned on page 29, 30. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North
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brevifolius Torrey Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 31. Mentioned on page 29, 30. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North
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proliferating underground. Flowering-stems 15–80 cm. Basal leaves: petiole 3–18 (–31) cm; blade usually reniform, rarely orbiculate-cordate, 3–7-lobed to 1/2–3/4
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per node on 1 plant, chasmogamous. Calyces inflated in fruit, (7–) 10–25 (–31) mm, glandular-pubescent and viscid, lobes unequal, apex acute to acuminate
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1851. Charles J. Sheviak Basionym: Habenaria chorisiana Chamisso Linnaea 3: 31. 1828 Synonyms: Limnorchis chorisiana (Chamisso) J. P. Anderson Pseudodiphryllum
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1 series. Ray-florets 13–20; laminae deep yellow, 4–7 mm. Disc-florets 24–31, all or mostly bisexual; anthers reddish to dark purple. Pappi of 6–10 (often
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subsp. noterophilum (Sullivant & Lesquereux) Vanderpoorten & Hedenas J. Bryol. 31: 130. 2009. Alain Vanderpoorten Endemic Basionym: Hypnum noterophilum (Sullivant
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Andropogoneae genusCoelorachis speciesCoelorachis tuberculosa (Nash) Nash Charles M. Allen Common names: Smooth jointgrass Endemic Synonyms: Manisuris tuberculosa
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Sp. Pl. 2: 614. 1753 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 17. Treatment on page 31. Mentioned on page 28, 29. Perennials, reproducing vegetatively by rhizomes
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genusHymenoxys speciesHymenoxys rusbyi (A. Gray) Cockerell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 496. 1904. Mark W. Bierner Common names: Rusby’s rubberweed or bitterweed
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Tofieldia glutinosa subsp. brevistyla C. L. Hitchcock Amer. Midl. Naturalist 31: 497, figs. 5, 6. 1944 Synonyms: Tofieldia glutinosa subsp. absona C. L. Hitchcock
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Tofieldia glutinosa subsp. montana C. L. Hitchcock Amer. Midl. Naturalist 31: 496, fig. 4. 1944 Synonyms: Tofieldia glutinosa var. montana (C. L. Hitchcock)
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genusErythranthe speciesErythranthe erubescens G. L. Nesom Phytoneuron 2014-31: 12, figs. 11–13. 2014. Guy L. Nesom, Naomi S. Fraga Common names: California
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genusCheilanthes speciesCheilanthes villosa Davenport ex Maxon Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 31: 142. 1918. Michael D. Windham, Eric W. Rabe Common names: Villous lip fern
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genusHymenoxys speciesHymenoxys subintegra Cockerell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 480. 1904. Mark W. Bierner Common names: Arizona rubberweed Endemic Synonyms:
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proximal sheaths and blades with septa usually few, inconspicuous; blades 16–31 cm × 5–8 mm. Inflorescences terminal, rarely also with 1 lateral inflorescence
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beyond anther; filaments widest above middle, shorter than anthers; pistil 15-31-locular, appendages at margin of stigmatic disk tapered, to 3 mm. Seeds ellipsoid
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LAYOUT:treatment:TUOYAL familyLiliaceae genusLilium speciesLilium iridollae M. G. Henry Bartonia 24: 2. 1947. Mark W. Skinner Common names: Panhandle lily
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caudices in M. saxatilis). Stems 1–15 (usually from basal rosettes), usually erect, sometimes ± prostrate, usually branched (scapiform in M. californica)
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the choice of either; no new combinations have been made. Beilstein, M. A. and M. D. Windham. 2003. A phylogenetic analysis of western North American Draba
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page 34. Mentioned on page 27, 31, 36, 37. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Trees, 5–10 m. Stems: branches ± brittle at
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widely winged, ± clasping), blades lanceovate or narrowly ovate, 50–95 × 19–31 mm, bases usually rounded to attenuate, sometimes cuneate, rarely subcordate
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Genera 25–30, species 110–130 (9 genera, 30 species in the flora). Burns, R. M. and B. H. Honkala. 1990. Silvics of North America. 1. Conifers. Washington
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elliptic, elliptic-obovate, oblong, ovate, or obovate; drupes 13–30 mm > 31 31 Leaf abaxial surfaces moderately hairy, especially along midribs and veins
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(1–) 2 (–4) -segmented, longest 0.9–3.7 cm; stem roots absent. Stems to 1.9 m. Buds rounded in cross-section. Leaves occasionally scattered in young plants
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John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or trees, 4–6 m. Stems: branches flexible to highly brittle at base, yellowbrown, gray-brown
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John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 0.005–0.05 m, (dwarf), forming clonal mats by rhizomes. Stems erect; branches redbrown to
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Cactoideae genusSclerocactus speciesSclerocactus brevispinus K. D. Heil & J. M. Porter Haseltonia 2: 26. 1994. Kenneth D. Heil, J. Mark Porter Common names:
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Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 0.3–2.6 m. Stems: branches redbrown or yellowbrown, not or weakly glaucous, glabrous
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Treatment on page 410. Mentioned on page 400, 401, 411. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants in dense tufts
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Mentioned on page 24, 31, 34, 37, 38, 42, 43, 47. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Trees, 5–20+ m. Stems: branches highly
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33. Mentioned on page 29, 30, 31, 37. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Trees, 1–13 m. Stems: branches yellowbrown to
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Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 0.2–1.5 m. Stems erect; branches brownish or redbrown, (dull), glabrous, long-silky,
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John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or trees, 1–8 m, (sometimes forming clones by stem fragmentation). Stems: branches (sometimes
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only slightly more distantly, Berchemia, Rhamnus, and Sageretia. Johnston, M. C. 1962. Revision of Condalia including Microrhamnus (Rhamnaceae). Brittonia
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considerably elongated in fruit. Fruiting pedicels divaricate, straight, 13–31 mm. Flowers: sepals ascending, greenish to yellowish, oblong, 2–2.9 mm, pubescent
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ends. Vegetative leaves to 1.45 m; sheathing base (proximal part of leaf) 18.1–51.8 (–58.8) cm; distal part of leaf 31.2–88.6 (–100.4) × 0.3–1.2 cm, usually
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Gaillardiinae genusHymenoxys speciesHymenoxys texana (J. M. Coulter & Rose) Cockerell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 499. 1904. Mark W. Bierner Common names: Prairiedawn
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Plants short-stemmed, commonly suckering, without rhizomes, trunks 0.4–1 m; rosettes not cespitose, 12–14 × 20–30 dm. Leaves erect or recurving, 110–160
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Endemic Basionym: Betula papyracea var. minor Tuckerman Amer. J. Sci. Arts, 45: 31. 1843 Synonyms: Betula pubescens subsp. minor (Tuckerman) A. Löve & D. Löve
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Spines 19–31 (–34) per areole, usually white or brown-and-white (rarely bright reddish-brown), glabrous (to hoary); radial spines (13–) 15–23 (–31) per areole
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genusHibiscus speciesHibiscus laevis Allioni Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Taurin., 31. 1773. Orland J. Blanchard Jr. Common names: Halberd-leaved or smooth ros
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on page 75. Mentioned on page 24, 27, 62, 80, 81, 114, 115. Plants 0.02–0.1 m, forming clones by layering or rhizomes. Stems trailing or erect; branches
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rosettes solitary or sparingly cespitose, 2–3.5 × 3–4 dm. Leaves spreading, 13–31 × 2–3.2 cm; blade dark green, without budprints, linearlanceolate, rigid,
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Spores 27–31 µm. 2n = 80. Habitat: Shaded, rocky slopes and ravines, mixed coniferous woods, moist stream and creek banks Elevation: 0–2400 m Generated
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Resin birch paper birch Endemic Basionym: Betula alaskana Sargent Bot. Gaz. 31: 236. 1901, Synonyms: Betula papyrifera subsp. humilis (Regel) Hultén Betula
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mucronatum Michaux Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 33. 1803. Anita F. Cholewa, Douglass M. Henderson† Endemic Synonyms: Sisyrinchium angustifolium var. mucronatum (Michaux)
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blanchâtre Endemic Basionym: Betula alnus var. rugosa Du Roi Diss. Observ. Bot., 31. 1771 Synonyms: Alnus glauca Michaux Alnus incana var. americana Regel Alnus
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Treatment on page 551. Mentioned on page 549, 550, 557. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants in thin to dense
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the flora). Johnson, D. M. 1986. Trophopods in North American species of Athyrium (Aspleniaceae). Syst. Bot. 11: 26--31. Kato, M. 1977. Classification of
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American Amelanchier taxa (K. M. Wiegand 1912; E. L. Nielsen 1939; M. L. Fernald 1950; J. E. Cruise 1964; L. Cinq-Mars 1971; S. M. McKay 1973; P. Landry 1975;
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Cynodonteae genusSporobolus speciesSporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray Paul M. Peterson, Stephan L. Hatch, Alan S. Weakley Common names: Prairie dropseed Sporoboi
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oblong or lanceolate to oblanceolate, (1.5–) 2.6–9.3 (–13.2) cm × (7–) 12–31 (–45) mm, base sagittate-amplexicaul or auriculate, margins dentate or entire
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erect, unbranched, (0.8–) 1.5–5.5 (–8) dm. Rhizomal leaves simple or 5–9 (–31) -foliolate, to 30 cm, (thin, veins raised), leaflets petiolulate or sessile;
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rarely pale lavender or lavender-pink, laminae 8–11 × 1–1.5 mm. Disc-florets 25–31; corollas yellow turning reddish then brown, (4.1–) 4.5–5.8 mm, tubes shorter
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Symphyotrichum speciesSymphyotrichum ciliolatum (Lindley) Á. Löve & D. Löve Taxon 31: 359. 1982. Luc Brouillet, John C. Semple, Geraldine A. Allen, Kenton L. Chambers
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(brown to reddish-brown with black tips in Davis Mountains); radial spines 21–31 per areole (12–22 in Davis Mountains), 6–9 (–10) mm; subcentral spines several
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in short axillary and terminal racemiform clusters, lateral panicles (2–) 7–31 (–56) cm. Peduncles 0.5–5 mm, moderately to densely strigose; bracteoles 1–3
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pith 1/2 of lesser stem diam.; medullary vascular system absent. Spines (21–) 31–44 (–55) per areole, all snowy white, dark tips (tan to reddish-brown) on
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pale green, exposed parts sometimes dull rose-pink, ellipsoid to ovoid, 12–31 × 5–11 mm, succulent; floral remnant on fruit strongly persistent. Seeds reddish-brown
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molecular and morphological study by M. B. Islam and M. P. Simmons (2006) corroborates earlier observations (for example, M. C. Johnston 1963) that Ziziphus
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truncate, sometimes obtuse, usually entire, sometimes lacerate; blades (3) 8-25 (31) cm long, (2) 3-7 mm wide, flat, abaxial surfaces usually scabrous, rarely
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tubes 8–20 mm, ligules 6–15 × 1.5–2.5 mm; anthers 2–5 mm. Cypselae (15–) 20–31 mm, bodies narrowly obconic, 5–7 mm, beaks (10–) 15–25 mm, lengths mostly
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acute; cauline 2–4 (or 5) pairs, sessile, rarely short-petiolate, 20–135 × 4–31 mm, blade lanceolate, proximals sometimes oblanceolate, base tapered to cordate-clasping
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Treatment on page 31. Illustrator: Mary S. Blankenship, Linda A. Vorobik, And Karen Klitz Copyright: Utah State University Culms 0.8-3.8 (5) m tall, 0.2-1.2
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genusHymenoxys speciesHymenoxys vaseyi (A. Gray) Cockerell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 493. 1904. Mark W. Bierner Common names: Vasey’s rubberweed or bitterweed
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medium green, not glaucous or slightly glaucous abaxially, 9–57 × (2.5–) 5–15 (–31) cm, larger on average and more variable in shape than in Peltandra sagittifolia;
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flowering branchlet 3–12 mm; pistillate stout, subglobose, or globose, 10–31 × 6–12 mm, flowering branchlet 3.5–15 mm. Staminate flowers: abaxial nectary
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exserted, 0.2–0.3 mm diam., tip straight to recurved, glabrous; style 24–31 mm. Capsules 9–13 × 6–10 mm. Phenology: Flowering Mar–Jun. Habitat: Sandy
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Michael D. Windham Basionym: Arabis shockleyi Munz Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 31: 62. 1932 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment on page 406. Mentioned
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Windham Basionym: Arabis maxima var. hoffmannii Munz Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 31: 63. 1932 Synonyms: Arabis hoffmannii (Munz) Rollins Treatment appears in
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Michael D. Windham Basionym: Arabis johnstonii Munz Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 31: 63. 1932 Synonyms: Arabis hirshbergiae S. Boyd Boechera hirshbergiae (S.
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laminal cells short-rectangular to irregularly angled, pitted, (9–) 10–17 (–31) × (3) 7–8 (18) µm. Sexual condition pseudomonoicous; dwarf males on rhizoids
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genusHymenoxys speciesHymenoxys lemmonii (Greene) Cockerell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 477. 1904. Mark W. Bierner Common names: Lemmon’s rubberweed or bitterweed
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Coccineae) ser. Apricae speciesCrataegus ignava Beadle Biltmore Bot. Stud. 1: 31. 1901. James B. Phipps EndemicIllustrated Synonyms: Crataegus alleghaniensis
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varietyCastilleja miniata var. oblongifolia (A. Gray) Munz Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 31: 69. 1932. J. Mark Egger, Peter F. Zika, Barbara L. Wilson, Richard E. Brainerd
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genusSagina speciesSagina nivalis (Lindblom) Fries Novit. Fl. Suec. Mant. 3: 31. 1842. Garrett E. Crow Basionym: Spergula saginoides var. nivalis Lindblom
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densely flowered, slender to stout, 20–60 × 5–8 mm, flowering branchlet 5–31 mm; floral bract 1–2.3 mm, apex rounded or acute, abaxially hairy (mainly
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branches distal, distal longest, antrorse, straight; hairy. Leaves: blade 31–92 (–157) × 10.5–27.6 (–41) mm, widest intersinus distance 5.2–23.3 (–29)
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apex rounded to acute, membranaceous; blade green, laterally flattened, 1.5–31 cm × 0.5–2.2 mm. Inflorescences terminal panicles of 2–11 heads, 2–18 cm,
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speciesAlyssum szowitsianum Fischer & C. A. Meyer Index Seminum (St. Petersburg) 4: 31. 1837. Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment on
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usually glabrous, abaxial sometimes ± white-hairy. Receptacles bristly. Florets 31–139; corollas usually pale-yellow, sometimes white, 15–23+ mm; outer ligules
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Semple Endemic Basionym: Chrysopsis amplifolia Rydberg Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 648. 1905 Synonyms: Chrysopsis foliosa var. amplifolia (Rydberg) A. Nelson
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genusHymenoxys speciesHymenoxys cooperi (A. Gray) Cockerell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 494. 1904. Mark W. Bierner Common names: Cooper’s rubberweed or bitterweed
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stipitate-glandular (gland tips and cross-walls often dark). Ray-florets 12–31; laminae 8–11 × 1.5–2.5 mm. Disc-florets 45–65; corollas 5–6 mm, lobes 0.5
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proximal internode 5.7–32 (–46) mm; proximal bracts 3.8–18 (–34) mm, awn 0.4–15 (–31) mm; spikes 4–6 (–7), usually gynecandrous, sometimes pistillate; lateral
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truncate, or emarginate. Corollas slightly curved in proximal 1/3, 14–26 (–31) mm; tube 9–17 mm; abaxial lip not exserted, beak exserted; beak adaxially
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 5. Treatment on page 37. Mentioned on page 30, 31. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association
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concern Basionym: Draba streptocarpa var. grayana Rydberg Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 555. 1904 Draba alpicola Osterhout 1923 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7
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names: Blue milkwort Basionym: Polygalabarbeyana chodat Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 31(2): 16, plate 13, figs. 15–18. 1893 Synonyms: P. longa S. F. Blake P. racemosa S
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18: 323--477. Montgomery, J. D. and E. M. Paulton. 1981. Dryopteris in North America. Fiddlehead Forum 8: 25--31. Montgomery, J. D. 1982. Dryopteris in
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rooting at nodes, younger ones climbing by tendrils, branched, terete, to 13 m, larger ones to 2 cm diam., soft-woody. Leaves: ocrea obscure, (0.1–) 0.5–1
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tenuisecta (A. Gray) M. C. Johnston Treatment appears in FNA Volume 6. Treatment on page 32. Mentioned on page 31. Stems to 1 m, glaucous. Leaves: petiole
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 10. Trees 8–40 m, bark fissured. Leaves 10–34 × 9–15 cm; blade with 11–24 (–31) primary lobes, margins of primary lobes entire
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sometimes terrestrial; rhizomatous and/or cespitose; synoecious. Culms to 3.3 (5) m, erect, decumbent, or prostrate, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, aerenchymatous
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rivularis subsp. arctolitoralis (Jurtzev & V. V. Petrovsky) M. H. Jørgensen & Elven Syst. Bot. 31: 726. 2006,. Luc Brouillet, Patrick E. Elvander† Basionym:
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wheeleri Rowlee Salix linearifolia Salix longifolia var. interior (Rowlee) M. E. Jones Salix longifolia var. pedicellata Andersson Salix longifolia var
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sectionPenstemon sect. Glabri speciesPenstemon absarokensis Evert Madroño 31: 140, fig. 1. 1984. Craig C. Freeman Common names: Absaroka Range beardtongue
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1–3 opening per day near sunset; buds with free tips 0–0.5 mm; floral-tube 5–31 mm; sepals 10–27 mm; petals white, fading pink, 8–25 mm; filaments 6–12 mm
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basal and cauline, glabrous; basal and proximal cauline 19–116 (–150) × 3–23 (–31) mm, blade spatulate to oblanceolate, base tapered, apex rounded to obtuse
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usually absent or indistinct, occasionally to 5.5 mm, blade elliptic or obovate, 31–60 × 7–32 mm, thick and fleshy, base attenuate or cuneate, apex acute, obtuse
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Veldkamp, J.F., R. de Koning, and M.S.M. Sosef. 1986. Generic delimitation of Rottboellia and related genera (Gramineae). Blumea 31:281-307. Coelorachis cylindrica
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strictum (Hooker & Arnott) Rothmaler Feddes Repert. Sp. Nov. Regni Veg. 52: 31. 1943. Kerry A. Barringer Common names: Kellogg’s snapdragon Basionym: Maurandya
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Asia (Yemen), Africa, Atlantic Islands (especially Canary Islands) Species 31 (2 in the flora). Aeonium and the other polymerous-flowered Macaronesian Crassulaceae
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philadelphicus varietyErigeron philadelphicus var. glaber J. K. Henry Ottawa Naturalist 31: 57. 1917. Guy L. Nesom EndemicConservation concern Treatment appears in FNA
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varietyStreptanthus cordatus var. piutensis J. T. Howell Leafl. W. Bot. 10: 31. 1963. Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment
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Nancy R. Morin Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 31. Leaf-blades abaxially puberulent. Flowers: hypanthium puberulent; sepals
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Pittonia 1: 69. 1887 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 31. Leaf-blades abaxially densely hoary-pubescent. Flowers: hypanthium densely
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procumbent to erect, 3–15 cm. Leaf-blades ovate to lance-linear, 10–60 × 4–31 mm. Phyllaries 13–21, unequal. Ray corollas 2–9 mm. Cypselae: rays 2.5–3.5
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acuminatus varietyPenstemon acuminatus var. latebracteatus N. H. Holmgren Brittonia 31: 232, fig. 8. 1979. Craig C. Freeman Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 32. Mentioned on page 10, 31. Leaf-blades abaxially glabrous (except for soft ciliation). Flowers: hypanthium
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page 42. Mentioned on page 23, 29, 30, 36, 39, 40, 43, 47, 153. Trees, 10–25 m. Stems: branches flexible or ± brittle at base, yellow, gray-brown, or redbrown
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North America Association Trees to 15 (–38) m, stunted or prostrate in harsh environments; trunk to 0.9 (–1.8) m diam., sometimes divided into 2–3 secondary
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counties, whereas M. tricuspis and M. tridentata occur north and east of this distribution. California populations previously have been called M. hirsutissima
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sectionSalix sect. Cinerella speciesSalix atrocinerea Brotero Fl. Lusit. 1: 31. 1804. George W. Argus Common names: Rusty willow Synonyms: Salix cinerea
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appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment on page 36. Mentioned on page 31, 34, 37, 48. Trees, 3–30 m. Stems: branches flexible to ± brittle at base, yellowbrown to
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congestus (M. E. Jones) N. H. Holmgren Brittonia 31: 105. 1979. Craig C. Freeman Endemic Basionym: Penstemon acuminatus var. congestus M. E. Jones Proc
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Rydberg Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 401. 1904. Dale W. McNeal Jr., T. D. Jacobsen Endemic Synonyms: Allium deserticola (M. E. Jones) Wooton & Standley Allium
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holmgreniorum and M. filifolia, and nearly allopatric with the third, M. laciniata. Where the ranges of M. lagarosa and M. laciniata overlap in western Colorado
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Mexico (Sonora) Mentzelia obscura is morphologically intermediate to M. desertorum and M. albicaulis and is known to occur in mixed populations with both species
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Torrey Bot. Club 31: 241. 1904. Nancy R. Morin Common names: Wyoming flax Endemic Synonyms: Linum rigidum var. compactum (A. Nelson) C. M. Rogers Treatment
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