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hairy distally or glabrous; corollas usually white, lavender, lilac, blue, violet, purple, ochroleucous, yellow, orange, or crimson, if pink, red, scarlet

infusion of violet roots before planting to repel insects. Mature plants are often needed for identification of violets. In preparing specimens of violets, care

minus and S. rosulatum with campanulate bases), ± distinct, bluish violet to light blue, white, lavender to pink, magenta, purple, or yellow, not clawed

truncate, linear, or orbiculate; corolla ± white, pink, red, blue, purple, lilac, violet, or crimson, rarely yellow or orange, bilaterally symmetric, rarely

unisexual, radially symmetric; sepals not persistent in fruit, 4, white, blue, violet, red, yellow, or greenish, plane, ovate to obovate or linear, 6-60 mm;

or glandular-ciliolate; corolla white, ochroleucous, pink, lavender, blue, violet, purple, or yellow, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate or strongly bilabiate

perianth epigynous, white, yellow, tan, brown, copper-red, maroon, blue, blue-violet, or purple, often with markings of contrasting colors, differentiated

suborbiculate or triangular-cordate; corolla light to deep blue with lighter or reddish center, violet, lavender, or purple to pink with darker center, or white

glandular, glutinous, or puberulent; corolla white to pink, lavender, blue, violet, or purple, bilaterally symmetric, weakly bilabiate to strongly bilabiate

scabrous, glandular, glandular-pubescent, or glutinous; corolla lavender to blue, violet, purple, or pink, rarely white or red, bilaterally symmetric, rarely

in 4–5+ series in S. frondosum, pistillate, fertile; corollas white, pink, blue, or purple (rays 0, peripheral pistillate florets in 2–5+ series, corollas

subequal; petals distinct (rarely connate basally), white to pink, blue, or violet, equal, rarely clawed; stamens 6, all fertile, equal; filaments bearded

rarely glabrous or inconspicuously glandular; corolla lilac, lavender, blue, violet, purple, pink, red, scarlet, or white, bilaterally symmetric, strongly

retrorsely hairy, puberulent, or glabrous; corolla white to lilac, lavender, blue, violet, purple, red, pink, or magenta, bilaterally symmetric, rarely nearly

glandular-pubescent or retrorsely hairy, rarely glabrate; corolla lavender, blue, violet, or purple, rarely scarlet, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate, not personate

fruiting racemes, blue or bluish violet, each 3–9-veined, 12–35 × 1.5–8 mm; anthers usually yellow, sometimes bluish violet, violet, or brown, 2.5–7 mm;

to linear-lanceolate, lanceolate, ovatelanceolate, or ovate; corolla violet, blue, purple, red, yellow, or white, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate, subcylindric

zygomorphic; tepals 6, persistent, ± equal in 2 whorls of 3, distinct, violet, blue, or white, each 3–9-veined, lanceolate, ± twisted in drying; stamens

Philadelphia 1: 190, plate 9. 1817. Michael S. Park Common names: Chinese-houses blue-eyed Mary Etymology: For Zaccheus Collins, 1764–1831, Philadelphia botanist

branches; bark appearing braided; drupes blue, pale blue, violet plumbeous, or blue violet, often turning whitish blue to white. > 10 10 Basal secondary leaf

sepals ascending or tardily spreading, not connivent, usually violet-blue, sometimes reddish violet, or white, ovate to oblong, thin, margins densely pubescent

glandular-pubescent; corolla white to pink, rose, red, magenta, yellow, lavender, blue, violet, or purple, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate to strongly bilabiate, not

fertile (sterile or 0 in D. canescens var. shastensis); corollas white, blue, violet, or purple. Disc-florets 15–200, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow,

campanulate; corolla white (sometimes with yellow throat), pink, or violet-blue, radially or bilaterally (B. repens) symmetric, regular or weakly bilabiate

rarely scabrous, puberulent, pubescent, or ciliolate; corolla lavender to blue, violet, purple, reddish purple, or pinkish, bilaterally symmetric, ± bilabiate

lobed or unlobed, margins entire or toothed. Flowers: sepals violet-blue, reddish violet, or white, lanceolate to ovate or elliptic-oblong. Generated Map

or partially blue, lilac, maroon, pink, purple, or violet > 26 25 Rays mostly yellow to orange, sometimes partially (rarely wholly) blue, brown, lilac

or beaked. > 8 8 Corollas salverform. > 9 9 Corollas purple, blue-purple, blue, violet, rosy, or white; filaments pilose. Buchnera 9 Corollas red, brownish

triangular-ovate; petals 5, corolla white or purplish or bluish with darker purple, violet, or blue markings, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate, cylindric, tube 0.3–10 mm

Receptacles conic, epaleate. Florets 35–70+; corollas usually blue to purple or violet, rarely white, throats narrowly funnelform (lengths ca. 4 times

slightly lobed; stamens 5; style cylindric, elongate. Berries rose violet, purple, blue, black, orange, or yellow. Seeds 1–4 per fruit. x = 10. North America

often present); corollas white, cream, yellow, orange, pink, purple, violet, or blue (sometimes dark abaxially), laminae 4-veined, 3-toothed. Disc-florets

purplish lavender to violet or blue, rarely white, with white in proximal throat, usually marked with yellowbrown, orange, or purple-violet spots, slightly

tubular, lobes narrowly triangular; petals 5, corolla purple, blue-purple, blue, violet, rosy, or white, bilabiate, salverform, pilose within, abaxial

over capsules after anthesis, deciduous as capsules develop, bluish violet to bright blue or creamy white, each 5-veined, 7-veined, or 9-veined, 20–40 × 4–10

lanceolate, 1.5–3.2 mm. Flowers 3-winged, 3–6 mm, wings blue, to 2.5 mm wide; perianth blue to violet, often with cream-colored lobes; perianth-tube 6-lobed;

ending 0.2–2 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals light blue to usually deep bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 11–16 mm, apex rounded to slightly

unless otherwise indicated. Descriptions of ray color as “blue” should be read as lavender-blue. Artificial distinctions are used in the key to groups of

acuminate, glabrous or densely glandular-hairy; corolla deep blue-violet or violet-purple to deep blue, rotate, 3–11 mm diam.; stamens 1–2 mm; style 0.8–4 (–6)

floral-tube pale violet, filiform, 2.5–6.5 cm, expanding somewhat distally to 2.5–4 cm diam.; sepals widely spreading, blue to violet with yellow or orange

[campanulate], strongly rounded-ribbed; 4–6 [–7] -lobed, petals white, pink, violet, or blue-purple, oblong-oblanceolate to spatulate, claw linear, broadening slightly

found in California as a garden escape. A glabrous perennial with glaucous, blue-gray stem and leaves, and glossy, yellow petals, it bears an overall resemblance

ending 0.4–2.3 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to light bluish violet, rarely white, bases yellow; outer 8–9.1 mm, apex usually rounded

capsule, ape× acuminate; corolla violet, banner pale violet to white, base yellow with dark orange spot, wings and keel violet, 10–15 mm, keel glabrous or sparsely

the flora). Clematis integrifolia Linnaeus, with relatively wide-spreading, blue sepals, is locally naturalized in Ontario. None. Clematis addisonii, Clematis

broadly scarious, glabrous; corolla lavender to violet, blue, pinkish blue, or white, with or without reddish violet nectar guides, tubular-funnelform, 17–20

scarious. Flowers often very fragrant; perianth light blue-violet to mauve-purple, one form with blue pigment limited as stipples or stitches along margin

or ± succulent, usually deeply lobed, margins serrate. Flowers: sepals violet-blue (rarely white in var. columbiana), lanceovate to ovate. Generated Map

cylindrical-campanulate; tepals erect proximally, reflexed distally, violet-blue or rarely white or pink, oblong-lanceolate, 1.5–2 cm; stamens unequal

campanulate, lobes linear to lanceolate, glabrous; corolla lilac to violet [blue, white], bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate and personate, tubular, tube

shorter than mature fruit, lobes unribbed, lanceolate to ovate; corolla blue-violet [bluish lavender, white, or yellow]; staminal column included; style 8–10

or not nodding; sepals usually widespreading, not connivent, blue, violet, or rose violet [rarely white], broadly obovate to elliptic-rhombic, thin; filaments

5-7 cm, somewhat leathery, margins entire. Flowers: sepals 4, blue to violet or rose-violet, 1.5-4 cm, length ca. 1.2-2 times width, abaxially pubescent;

and sparsely glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet or lavender, lined internally abaxially with violet or reddish purple nectar guides, funnelform

8-many, spirally arranged or wholly or partially whorled, showy, white, pink, blue, or yellow, broadly lanceolate or ovate to obovate, grading into stamens;

12–21+; corollas abaxially usually violet to blue or purplish, sometimes cream to pink or salmon, adaxially whitish to blue or purplish, laminae (15–) 20–45+

Flowers: perianth blue to blue-violet (white in forma albispiritis); floral-tube funnelform, 1.2–1.5 cm; sepals blue or pale violet with flecks of white

usually extending beyond green apex as 2 lobes. Flowers: tepals blue to bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 7.8–13 mm, apex rounded to slightly emarginate

wide. Flowers: sepals 5-7 (-8), blue to purple, reddish, or purple to pink (rarely nearly white or abaxially reddish, violet, or marginally purple, adaxially

[–150] in 1 series, pistillate, fertile; corollas white, pink, purple, blue, or violet. Disc-florets 20–100+, bisexual, fertile; corollas usually yellow (sometimes

staminate; petals all blue (rarely all lavender), proximal petal smaller; medial stamen anther connective usually with transverse band of violet; staminodes 2–3;

or long-acuminate, glandular-pubescent; corolla light blue to violet, bluish purple, or pinkish blue, rarely light yellow or whitish, with reddish purple

lanceolate, 4–11 × 1–2.8 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla violet to blue or purple, with or without violet nectar guides, funnelform to ampliate, 21–35 mm, glandular-pubescent

pale-bluish-violet on both surfaces, dark purple-veined, lateral 2 longer than sepals, bearded, lowest 8–10 mm, spur white to blue-violet, gibbous, 1–1

at least proximally, auricles 1–2 mm; petals uniformly light to dark blue-violet on both surfaces or upper 2 darker adaxially, sometimes white, upper and

yellow, inflated, hairy, spurs 5–6 mm, abaxial lobes yellow to violet, adaxial blue to violet, 2–3 mm; abaxial filaments 1.5–2 mm, adaxial 1–1.5 mm; style

corolla white on tube and lobes proximally, blue to violet or lavender on lobes distally, with dark violet spots internally near bases of adaxial and lateral

erose, broadly scarious, glabrous or scabrous; corolla lavender, blue, or pink, with violet or reddish purple nectar guides, tubular-funnelform, 13–20 (–22)

throat open, palate not inflated, abaxial plicae white spotted with blue or violet, lobes: abaxial reflexed, adaxial erect, equal, 7–12 mm; stamens included

flowers solitary. Flowers broadly cylindric to urn-shaped; sepals very dark violet-blue or rarely pink or white, oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-4.5 cm, margins narrowly

lobes lanceolate [linear], villous; corolla yellow [white], often tinged blue to violet [red], bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate and personate, tubular, tube

petals violet to soft blue-violet on both surfaces, whitish basally, lower 3 dark violet-veined, lateral 2 densely bearded, lowest 14–23 mm, spur blue-violet

purplish lavender to violet or blue, rarely white, with white in proximal throat, usually marked with yellow-brown, orange, or purple-violet spots; fruits capsules

is added to a light blue-violet background, the petals remain light blue and the sepals become a very dark violet with light blue margins; this form has

John Little, Landon E. McKinney† Common names: Marsh blue or northern bog or marsh or blue marsh violet violette cucullée Endemic Synonyms: Viola cucullata

membranaceous. Flowers: perianth pale blue or blue-violet; floral-tube 0.2–0.3 cm; sepals pale violet, veined deep violet basally, ovate, 4–5 × 1.3–2 cm, base

Flowers bell-shaped; sepals distally strongly spreading to recurved, violet-blue, lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm, margins proximally thick and tomentose, distally

scarious, apex acuminate to caudate, glabrous; corolla lavender to blue or violet, with or without faint lavender nectar guides, funnelform to ventricose

stenophyllus), glandular-pubescent or glabrous; corolla lavender to blue, violet, purple, red, or scarlet, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate, not personate

pitted, epaleate. Ray-florets 8–40 (–50), pistillate, fertile; corollas blue, violet, or purple. Disc-florets 14–160, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow,

wing-angled, lobes deltate to triangular; petals deciduous, 5, corolla blue to violet, purplish, or light pink, rarely white [yellow in M. bracteosus], bilaterally

winged, lobes triangular-ovate; petals 5, corolla usually white, violet, purple, or blue [red, pink, or yellow], bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate, campanulate

distinct, lanceolate, calyx radially symmetric, campanulate; corolla blue to violet, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate, tubular, tube base not spurred or

few-lobed, lobes often over 5 mm wide, thin, margins serrate. Flowers: sepals violet-blue, rarely white, 2.5-6 cm. Phenology: Flowering spring–early summer(-fall)

reddish violet to blue-violet on both surfaces, 3 lower whitish basally, dark violet-veined, lateral 2 densely bearded, lowest 11–17 mm, spur violet, gibbous

beaked, bodies usually tuberculate, ridged, and/or winged (usually glabrous; blue-black and drupelike in Chrysanthemoides); pappi 0 [bristles]. Introduced; most

sparsely strigillose. Ray-florets 16–50; corollas white to pinkish or pale blue-violet, laminae 3–10 (–14) × 0.5–1.3 mm. Disc-florets (13–) 20–40 (–52); corollas

caudate, or mucronate, glabrous or puberulent to retrorsely hairy; corolla violet to blue or purple, with, sometimes without, reddish purple nectar guides, funnelform

6 cm × 10 mm. Flowers: perianth blue-violet; floral-tube with brown striations, funnelform, 2–2.5 cm; sepals blue-violet with deeper veins, with yellow-white

by leafy bracts (spathes); flowers strongly bilaterally symmetric, usually blue (rarely lilac, lavender, peach, apricot, or white). > 4 3 Inflorescences

anthesis, pale to deep blue or bluish violet, each 3-veined, sometimes 5-veined in inner whorls, 15–30 × 3–5 mm; anthers dark bluish violet to brown, 2.5–4 mm;

margins entire or erose, narrowly scarious, glabrous; corolla blue to violet, with reddish violet nectar guides, tubular-funnelform, (10–) 13–15 (–18) mm, glabrous

4–6.8 × 1.7–2.8 mm, glabrous, rarely ± puberulent; corolla blue to violet or purple, with violet nectar guides, funnelform, (12–) 14–23 (–28) mm, glabrous

ovate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals light to dark blue-violet on both surfaces, lower 3 and upper 2 sometimes purple-veined, lateral

scarious. Flowers: perianth blue or blue-purple; floral-tube tubular-prismatic, 9-ribbed and grooved, 4–5 cm; sepals blue or blue-purple with white streaks

glabrous. Inflorescences 2–6 (–9) -flowered. Flowers: perianth light blue to violet-purple, 1.5–2.5 (–3) cm, lobes shorter than to ca. as long as tube;

distinct, unequal, not clawed, proximal petal small [large], distal 2 blue or blue-violet [white to pink], equal, large; stamens 6, all fertile, polymorphic;

Flowers actinomorphic; tepals withering separately after anthesis, pale blue or blue-violet, each 3-veined, sometimes 5-veined in outer whorls, 12–20 × 3–5 mm;

white-margined, linear-lanceolate, 2-6 (-8) mm, puberulent. Flowers: sepals violet to white, ± puberulent, lateral sepals spreading to forward pointing, 7-10

margins erose, sometimes entire, broadly scarious, glabrous; corolla blue to violet or lavender, rarely pink, with reddish or reddish purple nectar guides

glandular-pubescent; corolla lavender, blue, or violet, unlined internally or lined with faint lavender or blue nectar guides abaxially, not personate

(3.8–) 4.5–8.5 × 1.6–3.8 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla violet to blue or purple, with violet or reddish purple nectar guides, ventricose, 18–35 mm, glandular-pubescent

entire or erose, apex acute, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to purple or violet, with reddish violet nectar guides, bilabiate, not personate, tubular-funnelform

solitary; bracts absent. > 37 37 Leaf blade margins entire; corollas blue to violet, pink, or red. > 38 38 Annuals; seed wings present. Epixiphium 38 Perennials;

lavender to violet, rarely white; floral-tube constricted above ovary, 1–2 cm; sepals spreading and arched, pale blue to purple with darker blue or purple

shorter. Flowers: perianth pale powder blue to lavender or violet, often frilled and veined in violet or darker blue; floral-tube funnelform, 0.7–1 cm; sepals

to 4 cm, narrow, papery, apex acute. Flowers: perianth light to dark blue-violet to white; floral-tube with indistinct ribs, circular, ca. 1 cm; sepals

± succulent; leaflets or lobes mostly 1.5-5 mm wide. Flowers: sepals violet-blue, 1.5-5 cm. 2n = 16. Phenology: Flowering late spring–early summer. Habitat:

solitary; bracts absent. Flowers narrowly urn-shaped; sepals uniformly violet-blue, oblong-lanceolate, 2-2.5 (-3) cm, margins narrowly expanded distally

distinct, lanceolate, calyx bilaterally symmetric, campanulate; corolla blue to violet, pink, or red, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate and personate, tubular

flowers solitary; bracts absent. Flowers narrowly urn-shaped; sepals pale blue-violet to purple, pale green toward tips, lanceolate, 2-4 cm, margins not expanded

sparsely glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to purplish lavender or lavender, lined internally abaxially with reddish violet nectar guides, funnelform, 10–17

lanceolate, 2.6–6 (–7) × 1.3–3.3 mm, glabrous or puberulent; corolla blue to violet or purple, without nectar guides, ventricose to ventricose-ampliate

linear-lanceolate or lanceolate to narrowly ovate or oblong; corolla white to blue or pale violet, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate and personate, tubular, tube base

ultimate lobes 1.5-2.5 mm wide. Flowers: sepals (7-) 10-17 (-25), abaxially blue to violet, adaxially white, linear-oblong, rarely narrowly elliptic, (10-) 15-20

lanceolate, 4–6 × 0.7–1.2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla lavender to blue, violet, or purple, essentially without nectar guides, tubular-funnelform, 10–16

1–2cm × 0.5–0.8mm, 0.3–0.5mm thick, keeled abaxially, rounded adaxially, pale blue-green; resin canals 10–20µm from margins. Seed-cones 1–2 × 0.5–1cm, usually

glandular-pubescent to glandular-villous; corolla lavender to violet, purple, pink, or blue, with reddish purple nectar guides, funnelform or ventricose-ampliate

(proximally white-indurate, distally green or herbaceous); rays white, blue, violet, or purple > 60 59 Leaves basal and cauline (crowded), blades linear-oblanceolate

Flowers: sepals 5, ovate, calyx bilaterally symmetric; corolla violet-blue with violet-blue throat, 10–13 mm, lobes 4; stamens 2–4, didynamous. Phenology:

white to pale-yellow on both surfaces, upper 2 ± violet, lower 3 with yellow basal area, often violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, ± equaling or shorter

5–1 mm; petals light to dark blue-violet on both surfaces, lower 3 and sometimes upper 2 white basally, lower 3 darker violet-veined, lateral 2 densely bearded

Flowers: sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–1 mm; petals blue to pale violet on both surfaces with yellow area basally, lower 3 purple-veined,

auricles 2–3 mm; petals usually blue to gray-violet on both surfaces, rarely white, white basally, lower 3 dark violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest

green, exceeding inner; inner partly scarious. Flowers: perianth rich blue or blue-violet; floral-tube funnelform, 1–2 cm; sepals ovate, 7.5–9 × 2.5–3 cm, base

short, toothlike; stamens 6, epitepalous, in 2 rows, included; anthers dark blue, dorsifixed, globose; ovary superior, green, 3-locular, inner sepal nectaries

anthesis, usually forced apart again by capsule growth, bright blue to deep bluish violet, each 3-veined or occasionally 5-veined, 15–20 × 3–5 mm; anthers

densely, minutely eglandular-puberulent; petals distinct, magenta to blue or violet, broadly obovate, not clawed, 1.5–1.8 cm; stamens free; filaments bearded

in FNA Volume 26. Treatment on page 306. Perianth usually bluish violet to bright blue, occasionally white. Phenology: Flowering late spring. Habitat: Wet

with mixture of glandular, eglandular hairs; petals distinct, bright blue-violet, rarely rose or white, broadly ovate, not clawed, 15–18 mm; stamens free;

slightly zygomorphic; tepals withering separately after anthesis, pale blue or bluish violet, each 3 (–5) -veined, 25–35 × 3–5 mm; anthers yellow, 3.5–4 (–5)

long-acuminate, mucronulate, faces glabrous. Ray-florets 15–35; corollas usually blue-violet or purple, rarely pink or white, laminae (6–) 10–19 × 0.9–2.1 mm. Disc-florets

serrate-dentate or crenate, apices acute. Phyllaries 3.5–4 mm. Corollas blue to blue-violet or rosy-violet, (1.6–) 2–2.5 mm. Cypselae 1–1.5 mm, glabrous; pappi: bristle

to acuminate or caudate, glabrous; corolla blue to violet, sometimes lavender, with or without reddish violet nectar guides, tubular-funnelform to ventricose

20–40 mm, herbaceous, margins and apex scarious. Flowers: perianth pale blue-violet or nearly white, with lilac-purple veins; floral-tube funnelform, 0.5–1

pointed, and sparsely glandular-pubescent; corolla blue or violet, lined internally abaxially with reddish violet nectar guides, funnelform, 15–19 mm, sparsely

ending 0.2–1.3 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals light blue to dark bluish violet or rarely purplish or white, bases yellow; outer tepals often

ovate to oblong or obovate, 2.5–6.5 × 1.4–3.2 mm, glabrous; corolla violet to blue or purple, with or without purple nectar guides, funnelform to ventricose

lanceolate, 5–8.5 × 1.7–2.7 mm, puberulent and glandular-pubescent; corolla violet to blue or purple, with or without reddish nectar guides, funnelform, 15–22

petals ± persistent, 4–5, imbricate, spreading, twisted, blue to purple, rarely white [violet], drying yellow, obovate to elliptic, base clawed, apex rounded

Bergius Descr. Pl. Cap., 324. 1767. Alison McKenzie Mahoney Common names: Blue-eyed African-daisy IntroducedIllustrated Synonyms: Arctotis grandis Thunberg

proximally sparsely glandular-pubescent, sometimes glabrous; corolla blue to pale violet, (11–) 14–22 mm, spurs curved, sometimes straight, 4.5–11 mm, abaxial

occasionally, exceeding it by up to 0.5 mm. Flowers: tepals light blue or bluish violet to purple or occasionally white, bases yellow; outer tepals 6.3–11

U.S. Mex. Bound. 2(1): 113. 1859. Craig C. Freeman Common names: Upright blue beardtongue Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 17. Treatment on page

bright yellow or pale blue; ovary green. Triteleia crocea 4 Pedicel 2–10(–18) cm; perianth 15–28 mm, white, often flushed violet or lilac abaxially; ovary

chartaceous to scarious, margins shiny, darker in color. Flowers: perianth violet-blue to rarely white; floral-tube funnelform, constricted above ovary, 1–1

inner similar or scarious at apex. Flowers: perianth deep to pale blue or blue-violet; floral-tube 0.5–0.75 cm; sepals broadly rounded, 2.5–4 cm wide, base

corolla morphs occurring in discrete populations from the widespread blue to violet morphs. None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus"

sometimes ternate. Flowers: sepals moderately divergent, reddish violet or less often violet-blue, lanceovate, 2.5-4.5 (-6) cm, margins not fluted, tips acute

1.3–2.6 mm, apex acute to acuminate or cuspidate, glabrous; corolla blue to violet, without nectar guides, ventricose, 12–25 (–28) mm, glabrous externally

ovate to orbiculate, 2–11 × 1.3–5.5 mm, glabrous or puberulent; corolla blue to violet, with reddish purple nectar guides, ventricose, 24–48 mm, glabrous externally

acuminate or short to long-caudate, glabrous or puberulent; corolla violet to blue or purple, without nectar guides, funnelform, 10–20 mm, glabrous externally

crenate-serrate. Flowers: sepals often eventually widespreading, violet-blue to pale blue or rarely white, lanceovate, 3-6 cm, margins often ± fluted, tips

Flowers: sepals violet to dark blue, ± puberulent, lower sepal 5-7 × 2-3.5 mm, lateral sepals 5-8 × 3-5 mm, spur 7-10 mm; petals blue to white, lateral

lanceolate, margins ciliate, auricles 3–4 mm; petals deep to pale blue-violet, pale blue, or white on both surfaces, usually white basally, lateral 2 sparsely

tepals spreading at right angle to tube, pink to red [pale blue to white] with dark red [blue-violet] marks at base of lower 3 tepals, ovate to oblong, 9–13

1904. R. John Little, Landon E. McKinney† Common names: New England blue violet Endemic Synonyms: Viola septentrionalis var. grisea Fernald V. sororia

lengths; corolla-tube and adaxial lip lavender or blue to white, abaxial lobes white with violet to blue spots or streaks, tube 5–9 mm, adaxial lip 1/4 abaxial;

basally and along keel, apex acuminate. Flowers: perianth blue to lavender to white, veined deeper violet; floral-tube green with purple veins in line with midrib

ciliate, apex obtuse or acuminate, eglandular-hairy; corolla sky blue or blue-violet, sometimes white, rotate, 2.5–5.5 mm diam.; stamens 2–2.3 mm; style

lanceolate to ovate, equal to capsule, ape× subacute to rounded; corolla blue-violet to purple, banner white, cream, or pale lilac, 6–9 mm, sparsely glandular;

equal to capsule, ape× obtuse to subacute or obscurely rounded; corolla blue-violet to lavender, rarely white, 4–10 mm, glabrous; banner length 1 times wings

viscid-hairy. Flowers: calyx lobes 4 mm, apex obtuse, hairy; corolla bright blue to violet-blue, 8–9 mm diam.; stamens 7 mm; style 7–9 mm. Capsules compressed in

wide, apex rounded, sparsely glandular-hairy to glabrate; corolla blue-violet to pale blue and white, 8–14 mm diam.; stamens 2.1–2.5 mm; style 3–4 mm. Capsules

ending 0.2–1.4 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 7.7–12 mm, apex emarginate, aristate;

acute, ending 0.2–0.7 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to violet, occasionally white, bases yellow; outer tepals 7.7–12.5 mm, apex rounded

ending 0.3–7.5 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to deep bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 8.1–12.3 mm, apex rounded or emarginate

purple, mostly acute, minutely glandular. Ray-florets 10–30+; laminae violet-blue to lavender, rarely whitish, 6–8 mm, coiled after flowering. Disc-florets

scarious except basally and along midrib. Flowers: perianth white or blue tinged with deep violet lines; floral-tube funnelform, 0.3 cm; sepals oblong-spatulate

bracts foliaceous, similar to leaves in form, ± arachnoid-villous. Flowers violet-scented; distinctly pedicillate; pedicels 2–3 cm, puberulent or pilose with

inner, basally connate 5–6 mm. Outer tepals 10–17 mm; filaments pale blue to deep violet or purple. 2n = 64. Phenology: Flowering late spring–early summer

inner 8–10 cm, herbaceous, with scarious margins. Flowers: perianth blue to violet, rarely white; floral-tube funnelform, grooved in line with grooves

deep-seated in substrate. Roots taproots. Stems unsegmented, usually gray-green or blue-green to dark green [yellow-green in L. diffusa of Mexico], usually flat-topped

proximally and, sometimes, along margins, sometimes also glutinous; corolla blue to violet or purple, with reddish purple nectar guides, tubular-funnelform, 11–20

ovate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals light to dark blue-violet, lowest and sometimes lateral 2 purple-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest

4–6.5 × 0.9–2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla light blue to lavender, purple, or violet, with violet nectar guides, ampliate, 13–18 mm, glandular-pubescent

2–2 mm in flower, 6–10 × 1.5–2 mm in fruit, apex acute. Corollas violet, blue-violet, reddish purple, or pink, rarely white, with yellow, white, or lilac

deltate to lanceolate, equal to capsule, ape× subacute to rounded; corolla blue-violet to purple, banner white, cream, or pale lilac, 4–6 (–9) mm, sparsely glandular;

clauseniana was originally thought to be closely related to the acaulescent blue violets, most notably V. nephrophylla (S. L. Welsh et al. 1987; L. E. McKinney

surpassing capsule, ape× subacute to acute; corolla tinged bluish, distally violet to magenta, banner purple-dotted near base, 11–15 mm, banner usually sparsely

chasmogamous flowers bisexual and staminate; petals blue, proximal one very reduced, conspicuous (blue, rather than white or colorless); lateral stamens

margins entire or erose, broadly scarious, glabrous; corolla blue to violet, lavender, or pinkish blue, without nectar guides, funnelform, 17–24 mm, glabrous

leaves smaller, bractlike. Flowers narrowly bell-shaped; sepals uniformly violet-blue, oblong-lanceolate, 2-5.5 cm, margins narrowly expanded distally to ca

lobes 2–3 mm, apex acute to obtuse, finely glandular-hairy; corolla deep blue-violet, rarely white, rotate, (8–) 10–13 mm diam.; stamens 4–8 mm; style (5–)

eglandular-ciliate, apex acuminate, glabrous or sparsely hairy; corolla pale blue or violet, rotate, 8–10 mm diam.; stamens 7 mm; style 3–6 mm. Capsules compressed

lanceolate to ovate, equal to capsule, ape× subacute to rounded; corolla blue-violet to purple, banner white, cream, or pale lilac, 6–9 mm, sparsely glandular;

Mag., plate 4604. 1851. John. H. Wiersema, C. Barre Hellquist Common names: Blue water-lily Synonyms: Castalia elegans (Hooker) Greene Treatment appears in

eglandular and glandular-hairy; corolla deep blue, 4–6 mm diam.; stamens 0.8–1.5 mm; style 0.8–1.5 mm, stigma violet. Capsules compressed in cross-section, narrowly

peduncles 0.5–2 (–2.9) cm. Flowers blue (rarely lavender); medial stamen anther connective with broad, transverse band of violet. Capsules 3-locular, 2-valved

ending at or slightly beyond green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to light bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 9–15 mm, apex truncate to occasionally

light violet-purple, lobes longer than tube; scape scabrous basally; w United States. Androstephium breviflorum 1 Perianth light blue to violet-purple

inner distally stipitate-glandular. Ray-florets 20–35; corollas azure blue to violet or lavender, laminae 5–10 × 0.6–1.2 mm. Disc-florets 20–30+; corollas

keeled at midrib, 4.5 cm, ± equal, margins scarious. Flowers: perianth sky blue; floral-tube dull yellow, funnelform, 1–2 cm, dilated upward to 4–5 mm diam

Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Förh. 15: 117. 1858. George W. Argus Common names: Blue-stem or dewy-stemmed willow Illustrated Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7

inner longer than outer, sometimes scarious. Flowers: perianth dark blue-violet to red-purple with darker veins; floral-tube ca. 0.7 cm; sepals 4–6 ×

× 1–2 mm, densely glandular-pubescent; corolla violet to lilac or pinkish blue, with magenta or violet nectar guides, weakly bilabiate, tubular-funnelform

is usually light to dark blue-violet. In V. sororia forma priceana (the Confederate violet) petals are grayish white with violet veins. Viola septentrionalis

ending at or to 0.5 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals blue to bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 7.9–11.6 mm, apex emarginate, aristate;

oblong-ovate, 3.5–5.8 × 1.2–2.1 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to purple or violet, with faint reddish purple nectar guides, ventricose, 16–25 mm

campanulate, (3.5–) 4.5–7 mm. Ray corollas usually bright blue, light purple, bluish violet, or lavender, sometimes white. Cypselae glabrous. 2n = 16,

ending 0–1.5 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals bluish violet to purplish blue, bases yellow; outer tepals 8.3–10.5 mm, apex rounded to truncate

to 1 mm proximal to aristate green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to deep bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 8.3–12.8 mm, apex rounded to emarginate

obtuse, ending 0–1.5 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to bluish violet or white, bases yellow; outer tepals 6.1–10 mm, apex rounded to truncate

mm shorter to 0.4 mm longer than green apex. Flowers: tepals blue to light bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 8–15 mm, apex rounded to occasionally

ending 0.5–3.2 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals dark blue or bluish violet, occasionally white, bases yellow; outer tepals 9–12.5 mm, apex emarginate

mm; petals cream, 2.6–3.8 mm. Drupes pale blue, violet plumbeous, or blue-violet, often turning whitish blue to white, globose or oblate-ellipsoid, 5–6

ciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals light to dark blue-violet on both surfaces, lower 3 white basally and dark violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, spur sometimes

margins eciliate, auricles 1–1.5 mm; petals blue to violet on both surfaces, white at base, lower 3 dark violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 9–16 mm

Volume 17. Treatment on page 120. Flowers: corolla lavender to violet, blue, or pinkish blue. Phenology: Flowering May–Jun. Habitat: Sagebrush shrublands

5–4.5 × 1.4–2 mm, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous; corolla blue to violet, with violet nectar guides, funnelform to weakly ventricose, 14–18 (–20) mm

concentrated aqueous or alcohol solution of Crystal Violet. A 50% solution of alcohol and Methylene Blue or Safranin Red can be used, but these usually do

eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals deep bluish violet on both surfaces, lower 3 white basally and darker violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, upper 2 sometimes

ascending to spreading at 10–90°; petiole 0–4 cm; blade green to glaucous blue-gray, linear-lanceolate to ovatelanceolate, ovate, or deltate, 1–11 × 0.6–2

margins erose, broadly scarious, glabrous; corolla blue to violet or lavender, with reddish violet nectar guides, guides passing onto limb, tubular-funnelform

lilac, pale blue, or pale violet on both surfaces, sometimes nearly white and tinged with lilac, lowest and sometimes lateral 2 dark violet-veined, lateral

5–1 mm; petals light to dark blue-violet on both surfaces, lower 3 and sometimes upper 2 white basally, lower 3 darker violet-veined, lateral 2 densely bearded

obtuse-aristate, apiculate, or subulate, ciliate or glabrous. Corollas blue to light violet or pinkish, rarely white, tube 20–28 mm, throats closed, palate villous

R. John Little, Landon E. McKinney† Common names: Appalachian blue or Appalachian violet Endemic Basionym: Viola appalachiensis L. K. Henry Castanea 18:

sometimes sparsely glandular-pubescent; corolla light blue to blue or violet, with, rarely without, faint blue or reddish purple nectar guides, funnelform, 14–20

calyx lobes ovate to obovate or lanceolate, margins erose; corolla light blue to violet, rarely light yellow or whitish, 14–20 mm; pollen-sacs 0.8–1.2 mm, dehiscing

margins erose, apex acuminate to caudate, ± glandular; corolla blue to violet, with violet nectar guides, ventricose, 18–33 mm, glabrous externally, glabrous

glabrous, glutinous and sometimes covered with sand; corolla blue to violet or purple, with violet nectar guides, ventricose, 20–28 mm, glabrous externally

5–7.5 × 1.2–2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla dark blue to violet or purple, with reddish violet nectar guides, ampliate, 10–15 (–18) mm, yellowish or

lanceolate, 4–6.5 × 1.5–3 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet or purple, with violet nectar guides, funnelform, (13–) 15–22 mm, glandular-pubescent

glandular-pubescent, sometimes glabrate; corolla blue to bluish violet, lined internally abaxially with reddish violet nectar guides, funnelform, 12–15 (–18) mm

lanceolate, 4–6 × 1.8–2.2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla violet to blue or purple, with reddish violet nectar guides, tubular-funnelform, 12–16 mm, sparsely

× 1–2 mm, glutinous and covered with sand; corolla lavender to blue-lavender, with violet nectar guides, weakly ventricose, 14–17 mm, glabrous externally

to lanceolate, 2.5–4.5 × 1–2.4 mm, glabrous; corolla violet to blue or purple, with light violet nectar guides, funnelform, 11–15 mm, glabrous externally

4.5–7.5 × (0.9–) 1.2–1.6 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla violet or blue, with reddish violet nectar guides, weakly bilabiate, funnelform, 8–12 mm, sparsely

5–7.5 × (1.5–) 2.1–2.8 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet or purple, with violet nectar guides, ventricose, 19–28 mm, ± glandular-pubescent

appressed, white, scalelike; corolla blue to lavender, or violet, lined internally abaxially with reddish violet nectar guides, ampliate, 12–18 mm, yellow-lanate

5 × 1–2.2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla purple to violet, blue, or purple, with purple or violet nectar guides, funnelform, 25–31 mm, glandular-pubescent

margins entire or erose, broadly scarious, glabrous; corolla blue to violet, with reddish violet nectar guides, guides sometimes passing onto limb, tubular-funnelform

glandular-pubescent; corolla white to lavender, pink, or violet, with magenta or violet-blue nectar guides, ventricose, 24–32 (–35) mm, moderately to densely

3.5–5 × 1.2–2.1 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla lavender to violet or purple, with violet nectar guides, funnelform to ventricose-ampliate, 28–35 mm, glandular-pubescent

lanceolate, 4.8–6.2 × 1.2–1.9 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet, with reddish violet nectar guides, bilabiate, tubular-funnelform, 15–20 (–22)

1.5–2.6 mm, glabrescent or glandular-pubescent; corolla violet to blue or purple, with violet nectar guides, tubular-funnelform, 17–25 mm, glandular-pubescent

(4–) 4.5–9 (–10) × 2.1–3.4 (–3.8) mm, glabrous; corolla blue to bluish violet, with reddish violet nectar guides, ventricose, (20–) 25–32 mm, glabrous externally

ovate, (2.2–) 3.5–6 (–7) × 2.1–2.7 mm, glabrous; corolla blue to pinkish blue or lavender, with violet nectar guides, ventricose, 25–35 (–38) mm, glabrous externally

glabrous. Ray-florets (10–) 13–20 (–25); corollas usually pale to azure blue to violet-purple, (rarely rosy, white or bluish white), laminae (5–) 8–12 (–14)

apiculate, faces glabrous. Ray-florets (13–) 20–28 (–34); corollas usually blue-violet, rarely white, laminae (7–) 9–15 (–19) × 0.6–2.1 mm. Disc-florets (28–)

apiculate, faces glabrous, eglandular. Ray-florets 20–35; corollas dark blue-violet, seldom white, laminae 8–13 × 1–1.5 mm. Disc-florets (18–) 23–40; corollas

purple apically, faces glabrous. Ray-florets (6–) 20–35; corollas pale blue-violet to lavender or rose-purple, rarely white, laminae 5–10 (–12) × 1–1.7 mm

acuminate or cuspidate, glabrous or ± glandular proximally; corolla blue to violet, with reddish purple nectar guides, ventricose, 25–35 mm, glabrous externally

mm, apex mucronate, sometimes acute to acuminate, glabrous; corolla blue to violet or purple, without nectar guides, ventricose, 24–30 (–34) mm, glabrous

lanceolate, 5–8 × 1.2–2.5 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to dark blue, purple, or violet, with reddish purple nectar guides, bilabiate, not personate

5–5.5 × 0.8–1.4 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet or purple, with or without dark blue nectar guides, funnelform, 15–20 (–24) mm, glandular-pubescent

hairy, sometimes sparsely glandular-pubescent; corolla light blue to blue, lavender, or violet, without nectar guides, funnelform, 14–20 mm, glabrous or sparsely

Cauline leaf-blades oblanceolate to ovate or elliptic. Corollas dark blue or violet, glabrous or sparsely white-villous internally abaxially. Phenology:

innermost shorter than mid. Ray-florets (12–) 20–29 (–32); corollas light blue to violet. Style-branch appendages shorter than stigmatic lines. 2n = 12. Phenology:

veined, apex obtuse, surfaces glabrous; corolla tubular; petals erect, blue-violet, ligulate, to 3 cm; stamens exserted; stigma exserted, conduplicate-spiral

villous to glandular-villous adaxially. Flowers: corolla lavender to violet or blue, ventricose-ampliate, 17–22 mm, not constricted at orifice; pollen-sacs

Thyrses continuous or interrupted. Flowers: corolla 20–26 mm, limb blue to violet or purple; pollen-sacs (1.2–) 1.4–1.9 mm. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Jul

narrowly to broadly conic, 3.8–4.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm. Ray-florets 6–15; corollas violet to blue or lavender. Disc-florets 8–22, bisexual or functionally staminate.

3–) 6.5–8.5 × 1.6–3 mm, apex acuminate to caudate, glabrous; corolla blue to violet or purple, with reddish purple nectar guides, ventricose, 29–35 mm,

2.5–4.5 (–6) × 0.9–1.5 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to lavender, purple, or violet, with purple nectar guides, funnelform, 11–16 mm, glandular-pubescent

acute, sometimes acuminate or obtuse, glabrous; corolla purple to violet or blue, with violet nectar guides, ventricose-ampliate, (18–) 24–32 mm, glabrous externally

hairs appressed, white, scalelike; corolla blue to violet or purple, lined internally abaxially with reddish violet nectar guides, ampliate, 10–18 mm, yellow-lanate

margins entire or erose, narrowly to broadly scarious, glabrous; corolla blue to violet or lavender, with reddish purple nectar guides, tubular-funnelform,

narrowly scarious, sparsely to densely glandular-pubescent; corolla violet to blue or purple, with reddish purple nectar guides, funnelform, 15–22 mm,

calyx lobes lanceolate, 3.8–6 × 1.1–2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet or light purple, rarely pink, with or without purple nectar guides,

or lacerate, glandular-pubescent, sometimes only proximally; corolla blue to violet or purple, with reddish purple nectar guides, ventricose, 14–25 mm,

6 mm, margins entire or erose, narrowly scarious, glabrous; corolla blue to violet, with reddish purple nectar guides, tubular-funnelform, (10–) 12–15

scarious, apex obtuse, sometimes acute to cuspidate, glabrous; corolla blue to violet, without nectar guides, ventricose, 13–21 mm, glabrous externally, glabrous

8–3 mm, margins erose, glabrous or glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to bluish violet, with or without reddish purple nectar guides, ventricose, 17–25

(4–) 5–6.3 × 1.5–2.6 mm, glabrous or ± scabrous proximally; corolla violet to light blue, without nectar guides, abaxial ridges usually white, ventricose

ovate, 3–5.5 × 1.4–2.3 mm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent; corolla blue to violet or purple, without nectar guides, ampliate, 16–21 mm, glabrous externally

lanceolate, 2–4.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to light purple or violet, with reddish purple to bluish purple nectar guides, funnelform

calyx lobes lanceolate, 7–10 × 1.8–2.6 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla violet to blue or lavender, without nectar guides, ventricose, (25–) 30–35 mm, glandular-pubescent

× 0.8–1.5 mm, glandular-pubescent and scabrous; corolla lavender to blue or violet, without nectar guides, funnelform, 11–15 mm, yellowish or white-villous

hirsutulous, densely minutely glandular. Ray-florets 10–25; corollas deep blue or violet to rose-purple, 5–10 mm, laminae not coiling or reflexing. Disc corollas

3.8–6 × 2.6–4 mm, glabrous or sparsely glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet or purple, without nectar guides, strongly bilabiate, ventricose-ampliate

lanceolate, 3–6 × 1.5–1.8 mm, glutinous and covered with sand; corolla violet to blue, with faint reddish purple nectar guides, ventricose-ampliate, 15–21

lobes ovate, (3–) 4–6.5 (–7) × 2.5–3.5 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet, without nectar guides, ventricose, 17–24 mm, glandular-pubescent externally

lanceolate, 2.6–4.8 × 1–1.8 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla light blue to light purple, with violet nectar guides, funnelform, 10–14 mm, glandular-pubescent externally

calyx lobes lanceolate, 4–7 × 1–1.8 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet, with reddish purple nectar guides, funnelform, 16–20 mm, sparsely to

5–8 × 1.2–2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla light blue to bluish purple or magenta, with reddish violet nectar guides, ventricose, 14–22 mm, sparsely white-lanate

lanceolate, 4.5–7 × 1.5–2 mm, puberulent and glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet, with reddish purple nectar guides, tubular-funnelform, 15–20 (–23)

lanceolate, 6–8 (–9) × 1.5–2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to lavender, with dark violet nectar guides, bilabiate, tubular-funnelform, 10–13 mm, sparsely

broadly scarious, apex rounded to acute or mucronate, glabrous; corolla violet to blue or purple, without nectar guides, funnelform to weakly ventricose, 18–22

calyx lobes ovate, 3–4 × 1–2 mm, sparsely glandular-pubescent; corolla violet to blue or purple, with purple nectar guides, funnelform, 14–23 mm, glandular-pubescent

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 71: 10. 1941. Craig C. Freeman Common names: Blue-leaf beardtongue Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 17. Treatment on

Flowers: calyx lobes lanceolate, 5–8.5 (–10) × 1–2 mm, glabrous; corolla blue to violet, without nectar guides, ventricose, 18–22 mm, glabrous externally, glabrous

rarely obscurely glandular-pubescent proximally or along margins; corolla blue to violet, rarely pink, with or without reddish or purple nectar guides, tubular-funnelform

sparsely pubescent and ciliolate along margins, sometimes glabrate; corolla blue to violet or purple, without nectar guides, weakly ventricose, 17–25 (–28) mm

ovate to lanceolate, 3.8–6 × 1.5–2.2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla violet to blue or purple, without nectar guides, ventricose to ventricose-ampliate

lobes lanceolate, 8–10 × 1.4–2.6 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to lavender or violet, without nectar guides, ampliate, 24–30 mm, glandular-pubescent

5) × 2–2.6 (–3.5) mm, glabrous, rarely glandular-pubescent; corolla violet to blue, lavender, or purple, lined internally abaxially with reddish purple

scarious, glandular-pubescent to densely glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet or purple, with reddish purple nectar guides, funnelform, 12–18 mm,

ovate to lanceolate, 3.5–7 × 1–2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to light violet, with reddish purple nectar guides, funnelform, 14–19 mm, glandular-pubescent

9–2 mm, apex obtuse to acute or slightly cuspidate, glabrous; corolla violet to blue or purple, with faint reddish purple nectar guides, funnelform, 12–15

1.4–2 mm, apex obtuse to acute or short-cuspidate, glabrous; corolla blue to violet or purple, with faint reddish purple nectar guides, funnelform, 12–16

ovate to lanceolate, 3.8–7 × 1.4–2.6 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet or purple, without nectar guides, funnelform, 15–25 mm, glandular-pubescent

5 × 2–4 mm, margins erose, glandular to glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet, without nectar guides, ventricose, 27–33 mm, glabrous externally, glabrous

glabrous or sparsely glandular, sometimes also sparsely puberulent; corolla violet to blue, without nectar guides, ventricose, 25–35 mm, glabrous externally, glabrous

1.5–2 mm, margins erose, glabrous or ± glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet, without nectar guides, ventricose, 18–25 mm, glabrous externally, glabrous

obovate to ovate or lanceolate, 3–5 × 1.5–2.5 mm, glabrous; corolla blue to violet or purple, without nectar guides, ventricose, 14–20 mm, glabrous externally

lobes elliptic-lanceolate, 4–6 × 1–1.6 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla violet to blue or bluish lavender, with reddish purple nectar guides, weakly bilabiate

ovate or lanceolate, 1.5–3 × 0.7–1.5 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla violet to light blue, pink, or light purple, with or without pink or purple nectar guides

lanceolate, 4.5–5.5 × 1.8–2.5 mm, glabrous to sparsely glandular; corolla blue to bluish violet, with reddish purple nectar guides, funnelform, 13–16 mm, glabrous

lanceolate, 4–6 × 1.4–1.9 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla violet to purple, reddish purple, or blue, without nectar guides, ventricose, 15–22 mm, glandular-pubescent

ovate to lanceolate, 2.2–4.6 × 1–2.4 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet, with reddish purple guides, funnelform, 11–17 mm, glandular-pubescent

calyx lobes ovate, 3–4 (–5) × 2–2.9 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet or purple, with reddish purple nectar guides, ventricose, 13–20 mm,

1.5–2.1 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla light purple to lavender, violet, or blue, without nectar guides, ventricose, 17–23 mm, glandular-pubescent externally

ovate, 1–1.8 × 0.7–1.1 mm, apex truncate to cuspidate, glabrous; corolla violet to blue or purple, without nectar guides, funnelform, 7–9 (–11) mm, glabrous

lobes lanceolate, 2.8–6 × 0.9–2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet-blue, with reddish purple nectar guides, tubular to tubular-funnelform

8 mm, margins broadly scarious, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet or light blue, with reddish purple nectar guides, funnelform, 13–23 mm, glandular-pubescent

lobes ovate, 2.8–4.8 × 0.9–1.8 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to light blue or violet, with reddish purple nectar guides, funnelform, 13–20 mm, glandular-pubescent

mucronulate, faces glabrous. Ray-florets (8–) 10–15 (—20); corollas usually bright blue to purple or lavender, sometimes white, laminae (5–) 7–10 (–12) × 1–1.8 mm

glandular-pubescent; corolla white to pink or light lavender to light blue or light violet, with reddish purple nectar guides, strongly bilabiate, ventricose-ampliate

acuminate, sometimes caudate, glabrous or sparsely glandular; corolla blue to violet or lavender, with or without faint purple nectar guides, ventricose

(–8) × 1.8–2.5 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla lavender to light blue or light violet, with faint reddish purple nectar guides, funnelform, (15–) 16–18

oblanceolate to lanceolate, (4–) 5–9 × 1.4–3.5 mm, glabrous; corolla blue to purple or violet, without nectar guides, tubular-funnelform, 14–21 mm, glabrous

ovate, 4.5–7 × 2.5–3 mm, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous; corolla blue to violet, without nectar guides, ventricose, (20–) 24–30 (–32) mm, glabrous externally

hyaline, often purplish distally, scarious. Ray-florets 12–35; corollas blue or violet, (8–) 10–15 × 1.2–2 mm. Disc-florets 48–55; corollas yellow, 9–10 mm

or obscurely puberulent, eglandular. Ray-florets (5–) 8–14; corollas blue-violet to rose-purple or bluish, often pale, 5–8 (–10) × 1–1.8 mm. Disc-florets

faces glabrous or sparsely strigillose. Ray-florets 13–30; corollas pale blue-violet, 10.5–15 × 1.4–2 mm. Disc-florets 37–72; corollas yellow, 4.5–6 mm, slightly

mirabilis 6 Phyllaries 36–50, ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate; rays 7–15, blue or violet; disc florets 20–25 Eurybia jonesiae 7 Leaf faces abaxially scabrous

puberulent-glandular. > 19 19 Corollas pale yellow, palate dark yellow, drying blue-green; s Arizona, New Mexico. Erythranthe unimaculata 19 Corollas, including

the rays commonly are blue to violet. In the Bitterroot Mountains (Ravalli and Deerlodge counties, Montana), short-stemmed, blue-rayed plants also have

villous, ± stipitate-glandular. Ray-florets 9–20; corollas ± deep lavender or violet to occasionally white, (7–) 11–15 × 1.4–2.4 mm. Disc-florets 20–40; corollas

Ocotillo family; Phlox family + gilia, sky pilot; Waterleaf family + baby blue-eyes; Borage family + heliotrope, strongback, gromwell, forget-me-not, madwort