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shallow, lobe apex usually subacute to obtuse, margins serrate except proximally, veins 6–8 per side, impressed, apex acute to subacute, rarely obtuse, abaxial

(–10) mm, base cuneate, margins sometimes slightly constricted, apex usually subacute or rounded, rarely subemarginate; locule with distinct midvein, lateral-veins

persistent, (4–) 5; petals persistent, (4–) 5; stamens persistent, (5–) 10–80, usually in continuous or interrupted ring, sometimes in 5 barely discernable fascicles

3–12 mm, papery to membranous, margins plane, apex usually subacute, basal veins (3–) 5, midrib usually with 1–2 pairs of branches. Inflorescences laxly

slightly rounded, lobes 1 or 2 per side distally, short, lobe apex usually subacute, margins obscurely crenate, sometimes crenate-serrate in distal 1/2

per side, obscure, max LII 10%, lobe apex usually obtuse, margins serrate, teeth 0.5 mm, apex usually subacute, adaxial surface matte, short-pubescent young

Acetosa and Acetosella), occasionally polygamomonoecious, with taproots and usually short caudex, or sometimes rhizomatous and/or stoloniferous. Stems erect

plump, usually apiculate to mucronate, sometimes minutely so, or subacute to (rarely) acute; upper lemmas striate, chartaceous-indurate, shiny, usually glabrous

1-year old usually golden green to tan, sometimes deep reddish-brown or gray-brown, older graying; thorns on twigs usually numerous, usually ± recurved

(5–) 30–110 (–150) dm. Stems: trunks 1–several, ± erect to oblique, bark usually flattened-scaly, sometimes corrugated or thin-exfoliating; compound thorns

20–35 dm, sometimes clonal. Stems: twigs: new growth usually appressed-pubescent, 1-year old usually dull yellowish to greenish brown or gray-brown to light

rhombic-elliptic, 3–6 (–8) cm, ± thin, base usually cuneate, lobes 0 or 1–4 (–9) per side, sinuses usually shallow, lobe apex usually acute, rarely obtuse, margins serrate

7) per side, ± impressed in coriaceous-leaved plants, apex usually acute, sometimes subacute or obtuse, abaxial surface glabrous or glabrate, sometimes

corollas 8–10 mm; capsules narrowly oblong, apices truncate to retuse; usually pastures, scrub, marshy places. Euphrasia stricta 5 Inflorescences beginning

new growth usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely pubescent, 1-year old deep reddish-brown, older gray; thorns on twigs usually numerous, usually recurved

of hairs; upper lemmas usually more or less rigid and chartaceous-indurate, usually shiny, glabrous or (rarely) pubescent, usually smooth, sometimes verrucose

leaves 3-9; sheaths glabrous or sparsely pilose, usually ciliate; ligules 0.2-1.8 mm, of hairs; blades usually 2-5 cm, sometimes with prominent white, cartilaginous

630, 631, 632. Shrubs or trees, 5–70 (–100) dm, usually main trunk dominant. Stems: trunk bark usually dark-brown to dark gray or black, sometimes ashy

Eleocharis sect. Parvulae), terminating rhizomes or among culm bases. Culms usually spongy with incomplete transverse septa, seldom hollow with complete transverse

the spikelets, often triangular, not strongly veined, usually acute or subacute; upper glumes usually slightly shorter than the lower lemmas and upper florets

moderately frequent, straight to recurved, 1-year old usually dark reddish-brown to blackish, usually shiny, usually slender, 2.5–5 cm. Leaves: petiole length (16–)

3) per side, lobe apex acute to subacute, rarely obtuse, margins serrate in distal 3/4, veins 5–7 per side, apex subacute to obtuse, abaxial surface scabrous-pubescent

domed panicles; branches usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely pilose; bracteoles usually caducous, sometimes ± persistent, usually numerous, linear to narrowly

apex obtuse to subacute; cauline leaves 2–3 (–5), paired or whorled, blade similar to basal leaves, 10–50 mm. Inflorescences usually subumbellate to paniculate

Mentioned on page 649, 658. Shrubs, 0.5–1 m, rhizomatous. Stems 1–50, usually forming colonies. Leaves mostly or fully unfolded; petiole 1–25 mm; blade

fall phase usually forming a dense cushion. Cauline leaves 2-4; ligules membranous, ciliate; blades soft, green to yellowish, margins usually ciliate. Primary

obtuse to subacute, with terminal mucro; style-branches spreading; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers: tepals 5, equal, 2–3 mm, apex obtuse to subacute; inner tepals:

at apex; apices slenderly long-acuminate to rounded, rounded-obtuse to subacute, muticous or seldom with short to long awns, deeply concave to canaliculate-concave;

of North America Association Plants glabrous or nearly so. Stems erect, usually branched or occasionally ± simple, 0.4–1.5 (–2) m; branches sometimes ascending

leaves usually spreading. Primary panicles 3-12 cm, long-exserted, usually with many spikelets; branches wiry, mostly spreading or ascending, usually glabrous

cespi¬tose. Basal rosettes usually well-differentiated; blades ovate to lanceolate. Culms 15-100 cm (rarely taller), usually thicker than 1 mm, weak and

vegetative leaves. Seta typically solitary, smooth. Capsule cylindric, usually broadest near the base, terete, often rugose or sometimes with 4 or more

naked basally; pedicels short, stiff, subappressed, prominently 3-angled, usually scabrous on the angles, widened and cuplike at the apices. Spikelets narrow

perennial; usually rhizomatous, often cespitose, sometimes mat-forming, rarely stoloniferous. Culms 2-300 cm, erect, geniculate, or decumbent, usually herbaceous

inflorescences were usually spicate or racemose, although more complex inflorescences occurred, especially in Asia. Subgenus Indocarex usually had bisexual spikes

craspedodromous, veins 5–7 (or 8) per side, apex acute to subacute, abaxial surface usually glabrous, veins pubescent, adaxial appressed-pubescent. Inflorescences

side, apex usually acute, sometimes obtuse, abaxial surface usually glabrous except on veins, sometimes sparsely pubescent, adaxial usually appressed-pubescent

cultivated by alpine/succulent plant enthusiasts. In the wild, the plants usually occur in small, isolated populations in rocky or gravelly places, especially

Treatment on page 441. Plants usually densely cespitose, with caudices. Basal rosettes usually well-differentiated. Culms slender, usually purplish and puberulent;

subterete or grooved adaxially, 0.5–5 cm, margins entire, apex obtuse to subacute; cauline leaves absent. Inflorescences with flowers borne singly; bracts

hairs usually dense or usually absent (in subsp. groenlandica), adaxial with long hairs absent or sparse to abundant, cottony-crisped hairs usually absent

ligules 0.5-1 mm, of hairs; blades usually erect, stiff, upper blades 1-5 mm wide, 15-60 times as long. Primary panicles usually exserted. Spikelets narrowly

chamaelonche Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 438. Plants usually densely cespitose, with caudices. Basal rosettes well-differentiated; blades

oblong-obovate, (24–) 35–48 (–67) × (12–) 20–27 (–42) mm, base rounded, apex subacute to rounded and mucronate, abaxial surface glabrous to moderately hairy

(–17) mm, base cuneate to attenuate, apex obtuse to subacute, surfaces pubescent, trichomes usually branched. Cauline leaves: blade lanceolate to linear-lanceolate

per side, sinuses extremely shallow, lobe apex subacute, margins toothed, teeth large, acute or subacute except near base, sharp or obtuse, eglandular,

side, sinuses shallow, lobe apex subacute to acute, margins regularly, sharply glandular-serrate, proximally usually stipitate-glandular, venation craspedodromous

auriculate to subamplexicaul, margins entire or dentate, apex obtuse to subacute. Racemes 0.5–25 cm, (congested or considerably elongated). Fruiting pedicels

entirely stramineous, apex rounded to subacute. Flowers: perianth bristles 6, stramineous, fairly stout to slender, usually equaling achene to slightly exceeding

distally green to stramineous, usually inflated, often callose, membranous to papery, apex often redbrown, broadly obtuse to subacute, tooth sometimes present

stramineous), distally red or stramineous or green, not callose, membranous, apex usually pale-red, broadly obtuse to narrowly acuminate, tooth absent. Spikelets

serrulate, apex obtuse to subacute, surfaces glabrous or slightly pilose; 3-veined from base, often only midvein conspicuous. Cyathia usually in small cymose clusters

to ovate-oblong, 2–9 (–12) mm, margins serrate, teeth 1–3 pairs, apices subacute to aristate. Inflorescences beginning at node (5–) 7–9 (–11); bracts green

Inflorescences: floral bracts scarious, the proximal often foliaceous, distal usually reduced, lanceolate, apex acuminate. Flowers ascending, loosely open orbs

(0–) 3–8 (–12) teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth less than 1 mm, apex subacute to rounded and mucronate, abaxial surface densely (moderately) hairy by

racemose, with 2–6 spikes; proximal nonbasal bracts bladeless or blade usually less than 2 mm, purple-tinged, sheathing; lateral spikes pistillate or androgynous

sinuses usually shallow, sometimes deep, lobe apex obtuse to angled, margins crenate to finely, sharply serrate, veins 3 or 4 per side, apex subacute to obtuse

whitish or tinged with red, usually branched distally, sometimes proximally, to nearly simple, 0.2–1 m. Leaves: petiole usually longer than or ± equaling

Inflorescences terminal, drooping or nodding, usually red, purple, or white, less commonly green, silvery green, or yellow, usually much-branched at base, leafless at

Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants usually simple proximally, 10–30 (–40) cm, portion proximal to inflorescence (6–)

of North America Association Biennials or perennials; (caudex branched); usually densely hirsute (at least basally), rarely glabrescent, trichomes simple

capsule, ape× subacute to acute; corolla tinged bluish, distally violet to magenta, banner purple-dotted near base, 11–15 mm, banner usually sparsely hairy

green, thinly papery to thickly membranous, apex usually redbrown, subtruncate to obtuse or subacute, callose, tooth often present on most or all culms

or 6 per side, apex subacute to obtuse, surfaces sparsely hairy young, glabrescent. Inflorescences 8–15-flowered; branches usually glabrous; bracteoles

auricles absent; ligules membranous, scabridulous dorsally, truncate to subacute, entire to lacerate; blades flat or involute. Inflorescences panicles,

with alternating lines of eglandular hairs; small axillary tufts of leaves usually absent. Leaves not marcescent; blade 10–25 (–40) × 3–8 (–12) mm, densely

Flora of North America Association Stems erect, branched, stout to robust, usually 1.5–3 m (occasionally to 9 m!) × 30 cm. Leaves: petiole 1/3–2/3 length of

lines near base, wings whitish to rose-purple, keel usually with darker red tip, 10–20 mm, usually glabrous; tube hairy inside, as wide as long, saccate

margins usually glandular-toothed, sometimes eglandular-toothed or rarely ± entire, apex usually truncate, sometimes rounded, obtuse, subacute, or apiculate;

ciliate. Leaves: petiole 2–4 mm; blade 12–25 × 6–13 mm, base cuneate, apex subacute to obtuse. Inflorescences from near apex of stem, few to several-flowered

red, thinly papery to membranous, apex usually redbrown, obtuse to subacute, often callose, tooth to 0.5 mm usually present on some culms. Spikelets ovoid

densely spreading-hairy (to inflorescences). Leaves: stipules translucent, usually pale-pink proximally, lobes turning brownish; blade orbiculate or reniform-orbiculate

2-years old dark reddish and gray, mid brown, or gray; thorns on twigs usually numerous, ± straight to recurved, 1-year old shiny, dark redbrown, deep

perennial, forming dense clumps, not stoloniferous, rhizomatous. Rhizomes usually present, caudexlike, ascending, 1 mm thick, hidden by crowded culms; internodes

suborbiculate, 6–40 × 4–30 mm, base rounded to cordate, apex rounded; cauline usually on proximal 1/2 of stem, rarely on distal 1/2. Flowers: sepals spreading

4–20 (–30) × 3–5 mm, middle internodes (0.5–) 0.7–1.5 mm; terminal spike usually staminate, occasionally gynecandrous, sessile or short-pedunculate, 3–10

blade length; blade grayish, cordate-orbiculate, usually palmately 3–5-lobed, usually 7–9 cm, lobes subacute to obtuse, margins crenate, apex acute, surfaces

half-widths; incisions usually absent or relatively short, sometimes relatively long; teeth slightly connivent, slightly asymmetric, apex subacute or almost digitate

to oblong, flat, margins papery-transparent, apices rounded or obtuse to subacute. Receptacles flat to weakly convex, smooth, paleate (paleae slender, bristlelike)

appressed-hairy proximally, glabrous distally. Leaves: stipules translucent, usually suffused with red proximally, translucent to pale green distally, lobes

doubly serrate or dentate, sometimes ciliate, apex subacute, 3 (–5) -veined from base, surfaces usually stellate-puberulent, sometimes glabrescent. Cymes

base cuneate, margins entire, plane or slightly undulate, apex obtuse to subacute, with prominent mucro. Inflorescences axillary clusters borne from bases

Flora of North America Association Shrubs, usually erect to suberect, rarely decumbent and rooting, usually unbranched, rarely sparsely branched distally

6) mm thick, weak, erect or reclining; nodes usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely bearded; internodes usually glabrous, occasionally sparsely pubescent;

glandular-serrate, proximal bracteoles usually stipitate-glandular, venation craspedodromous, veins 5–7 per side, apex acute to subacute, glossy, abaxial surface hairy

epigeous soboles. Stems ascending to erect, clumped, terete, 10–45 cm, usually simple, rarely branched proximally, subglabrous proximal to inflorescence

obtuse or subacute. Inflorescences terminal, occupying distal 2/3 of stem, usually lax and interrupted, narrowly or broadly paniculate, branches usually forming

obtuse to subacute, or shallowly emarginate, with terminal mucro. Inflorescences terminal and axillary in distal part of plant, erect, usually reddish green

lobes, margins entire, flat, apex obtuse or subacute. Inflorescences terminal, occupying distal 2/3 of stem, usually lax and interrupted, narrowly paniculate

flattened, 4–15 cm, margins entire, apex obtuse to subacute; cauline leaves absent. Inflorescences usually with flowers borne singly, rarely 2–3-flowered in

× 2–10 (–20) mm (smaller distally), base attenuate to cuneate, margins usually pinnatisect to sinuate or dentate, rarely entire or subentire. Fruiting

slightly revolute, apex rounded to subacute, abaxial surface glabrous or pilose to villous, adaxial surface usually glabrous, rarely villous; venation

FNA Volume 12. Treatment on page 393. Mentioned on page 379, 392. Herbs, usually annual, rarely perennial, 5–40 cm, glabrous except hirsutulous near base

veins 3 per side (extending to sinuses and lobes), apex subacute to acute, surfaces usually glabrous, marginal and scattered abaxial hairs, adaxial midvein

up to 10 cm long, prostrate to ascending, irregularly sparsely branched, usually radiculose at base. Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, (2.8–) 3.2–4

obtuse or subacute. Inflorescences terminal, occupying distal 2/3 of stem or more, usually lax and interrupted, broadly paniculate, branches usually divaricately

plants produce white or pink corollas. The frequency of such plants is usually very low in most species. The frequency of such plants in Collinsia heterophylla

apex acute or subacute. Inflorescences terminal, occupying distal 1/2 of stem, normally dense, narrowly to broadly paniculate, branches usually straight or

acute, very rarely subacute, straight, teeth 2–3 (–4), normally at each side of margins, subulate-filiform, bristlelike, 1–3.5 mm, usually 1.5–2 times as long

portoricense Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 441. Plants usually densely cespitose. Basal rosettes well-differenti¬ated; blades 1.5-6 cm

irregularly toothed, sometimes spinose, usually unevenly revolute, secondary-veins 4-6 on each side, apex rounded or subacute; surfaces abaxially densely to sparsely

or biconvex, usually distally narrowed into a distinct beak, rugulose at 10X or smooth or finely reticulate at 10–30X. Tubercles usually obscure or absent

page 214. Mentioned on page 208. Herbs, annual, 3–8 dm, monoecious. Stems usually single from base, then well branched from first reproductive node, appressed

so (branches, when present usually less than 7–8 cm). Pedicels articulated in proximal 1/3, filiform, 5–13 (–17) mm, usually not more than 2–2.5 times as

acute or subacute lobes directed downward, ± parallel to petiole, or slightly incurved inward), margins entire, normally flat, apex subacute or obtuse

petiole), margins entire, flat, apex obtuse or subacute. Inflorescences terminal, occupying distal 2/3 of stem, usually lax and interrupted at least near base

older gray or gray-brown, sometimes dark purple-brown; thorns on twigs usually few, straight to slightly recurved, 1–2-years old brown, purple-brown, deep

1-stratose, recurved to revolute on both sides; apices muticous, acute, subacute to narrowly rounded-obtuse, entire, erose-dentate or denticulate-cristate

ellipsoid, glabrous. Lower glumes usually shorter than 1.7 mm, up to 1/2 as long as the spikelets, 3-veined, subacute; upper glumes and lower lemmas subequal

glabrous to sparsely farinose. Leaves nonaromatic; petiole 0.3–4.5 cm, usually shorter than leaves; blade distinctly 3-lobed, narrowly ovate to elongate

minute, Y-shaped or cruciform, mixed with simple or forked ones. Stems usually several from caudex, rarely simple, erect to decumbent, unbranched or branched

Treatment on page 550. Mentioned on page 527. Shrubs or trees, 40–80 dm, usually main trunk dominant. Stems: trunk bark buff to pale gray-brown, fibrous

reddish, distally stramineous to green, thickly membranous, apex acute or subacute. Spikelets: basal spikelets absent; often proliferous, ovoid, terete, 3–10

Inflorescences solitary, terminal, lax to dense spikes. Flowers few-to-many, usually resupinate (not resupinate in P. nivea), sometimes showy; petals entire

to hard (or soft), cortex persistent, longer internodes 10–35 mm, scales usually persistent, 6–20 mm, membranous, sometimes slightly fibrous. Culms terete

glabrous, with vertical rootstock. Stems usually ascending, rarely decumbent-ascending or suberect, usually producing axillary shoots below 1st-order

present. Stems usually erect to ascending, sometimes decumbent or prostrate, unbranched or branched (usually distally). Leaves usually basal and cauline

terminal and axillary, terminal usually occupying distal 1/5–1/3 of stem, rather dense or interrupted in proximal 1/2, usually broadly paniculate (distal branches

Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Culms usually aphyllopodic, without dead leaf remains at base, 20–60 cm. Leaf-blades 1–2

hyaline margins, elliptic-oblanceolate, 2.6–4 × 0.7–2 mm, apex obtuse or subacute. Anthers 1.3–1.8 mm. Perigynia light green becoming dark-brown and glossy

growth glabrous, 1-year old usually purple-brown, sometimes tan or reddish-brown, 2-years old grayish; thorns on twigs usually numerous, straight to recurved

1/2+ connate; styles 0.8–1.2 mm. Capsules cylindric, 7–12 × 3–4 mm, apex subacute. Seeds 0.8–1.1 mm. Phenology: Flowering late summer (Jul–Sep). Habitat:

broadly cuneate, margins entire, plane, rarely indistinctly undulate, apex subacute to obtuse or emarginate, mucronulate. Inflorescences axillary glomerules

A. C. Dibble, A. A. Reznicek Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Plants usually densely cespitose, rarely colonial, short-rhizomatous. Culms brown at base

membranous-translucent. Culms often arching or recurved or reclining, their spikelets usually all fruiting simultaneously, long to very short in 1 tuft, subterete, 4–40

acuminate. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, terminal usually occupying distal 1/3–1/2 of stem, usually lax, interrupted at least in basal 1/2, narrowly paniculate

oblanceolate or elliptic, to 34 × 3.5 cm. Spikes usually very tightly spiraled, rarely loosely spiraled, usually 3 flowers per cycle of spiral; rachis glabrous

acuminate. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, usually occupying distal 2/3 of stem/shoot, usually dense, or interrupted in proximal part, broadly paniculate

Fruiting spring. Habitat: Mesic deciduous forests, usually on gentle slopes above small streams in ravines, usually in shallow loams and sandy loams over clays

rooting at the lower nodes. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, glabrous, margins short-ciliate; ligules usually less than 0.3 mm, membranous, erose

cm diam., greenish or reddish to purplish; bracts 2–3 at proximal node, usually leaflike, often with whorl of sessile bracts ca. midstem, elliptic, 0.5–1

papillose-pubescent, with distinctly tuberous roots and short rhizomes. Stems usually erect, rarely ascending, branched above middle, 25–90 (–100) cm. Leaves:

stipitate-glandular, surfaces glabrous, eglandular; petiole and rachis usually with pricklets, puberulent to pubescent, sometimes glabrous, eglandular

flat, apex obtuse to subacute; tubercles 3, equal or subequal, normally less than 2 times as wide as inner tepals. Achenes usually reddish-brown, 3–4.5

margins entire, normally flat, apex acute or subacute. Inflorescences terminal, occupying distal 1/3 of stem, usually lax and interrupted especially in proximal

(–8) mm, base usually distinctly cordate, margins entire or subentire near apex, distinctly dentate in basal 1/2, apex acute or subacute, teeth 0.5–1 mm;

(–8) mm, base usually distinctly cordate, margins entire or subentire near apex, denticulate or dentate near base, apex acute or subacute, teeth to 0.5

apex rounded to subacute, surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences compact corymbs (sometimes subracemose in robust specimens), pallid, usually infused with purple

cordate, margins entire to obscurely repand, usually slightly crisped or undulate, apex obtuse to subacute. Inflorescences terminal, occupying distal 1/2

obtuse, rarely subacute. Inflorescences terminal, occupying distal 1/2 of stem, usually lax, interrupted, broadly paniculate; branches usually distinctly arcuate

flat or slightly revolute, apex obtuse or subacute. Inflorescences terminal, occupying distal 1/2 of stem, usually dense, narrowly paniculate with branches

or shorter than width of inner tepals; tubercles usually 3, equal or subequal, apex acute or subacute, smooth or minutely punctate. Achenes reddish-brown

slightly convolute, apex obtuse or subacute. Inflorescences terminal, occupying more than distal 1/2 of stem, ± dense, usually interrupted at least near base

with capitate hairs. Glumes glabrous, usually smooth, keels sometimes scabridulous distally, apices obtuse to subacute; lower glumes 2.5-3 mm, 3-veined; upper

flat, apex acute or subacute. Inflorescences terminal, occupying distal 1/2 of stem, normally dense, narrowly paniculate, branches usually straight or arcuate

the margins, prominently veined. Panicles 12-30 cm long, 9-20 cm wide, usually 1-1.3 times longer than wide, diffuse; primary branches 8-15 cm, alternate

7–) 1–3 (–4) cm × (1–) 3–10 (–14) mm, base cuneate, margins entire, apex subacute. Racemes considerably elongated in fruit. Fruiting pedicels divaricate

side, sinuses shallow, lobe apex subacute, margins sharply glandular-serrate throughout, veins 5 per side, apex subacute, abaxial surface sparsely pubescent

linear to linearlanceolate, elliptic, or oblanceolate, to 26 × 3 cm. Spikes usually very tightly spiraled, 3 flowers per cycle of spiral, rarely loosely spiraled

habitats, have floral scales that are usually narrower and more densely placed on the rachilla than plants usually called E. uniglumis, which are found

10–25-rayed. Stems often several from base (often with sterile shoots), usually erect or ascending, 0.7–1.5 (–2) dm. Cauline leaves subsessile; blade broadly

as wide as thick, 20–100 cm × 0.35–2 mm, firm to hard, wiry, with to 8 subacute ribs, rarely nearly smooth; some culms arching or decumbent and rooting

5–20-rayed. Stems often several from caudex (sterile shoots absent or few), usually erect or ascending, (2.5–) 3–6 (–7) dm. Cauline leaves subsessile; blade

winged); blades orbicular to obovate, 2–6 cm (width 1–2.5 cm, thick), margins usually repand, rarely entire, (adaxial surface scurfy). Cauline leaves: blade oblanceolate

rarely subcordate, margins entire, flat to very weakly undulate, apex subacute, occasionally obtuse. Inflorescences terminal, occupying distal 2/3 of

or broadly acute. Inflorescences terminal, occupying distal 1/2 of stem, usually dense, narrowly paniculate. Pedicels articulated in proximal 1/3, filiform

Inflorescences terminal and axillary, occupying distal 1/2–2/3 of shoots, usually dense at least in distal part, narrowly to broadly paniculate (but branches

Leaves slightly contorted when dry, usually broadly ovate, 1.5–2.4 mm; margins entire or nearly so; apices acute to subacute, with a subulate tip; costa percurrent

elliptic or narrowly obovate, (100-) 120-200 (-220) × 60-100 (-120) mm, base subacute or rounded-acuminate, often unequal, margins regularly toothed, teeth rounded

Leaf-blades usually lanceolate-deltate, margins entire or serrate, abaxial surface densely hairy, adaxial glabrous or glabrate, usually strongly whitish-mottled

4-ranked; blade elliptic-lanceolate. Inner sepals elliptic-ovate, apex subacute. Capsules subglobose, shorter than calyx. Phenology: Flowering summer;

Leaf-blades linear, terete, (4–) 8–20 (–30) × 0.5–2.8 mm, apex acute to subacute; involucrelike leaves 6–9. Flowers 25 mm diam.; petals orange, brown-orange

1/2 of stem (occasionally most of stem), usually reddish-brown or red (greenish yellow when mature), usually rather dense, interrupted in proximal part

beyond widest part, venation craspedodromous, veins 4–6 per side, apex subacute to obtuse, lustrous, abaxial surface ± densely pilose on veins, sometimes

pedunculate, in compact, usually round-topped arrays 6–35% of plant heights. Involucres obconic, 4–6 mm. Phyllaries yellowish at bases, usually green-tipped, outer

to 0.1 mm wide, 5–9-ribbed, midrib prominent, usually dilated distally, reaching tip, apex obtuse-subacute. Flowers: perianth bristles 10 or more, white

Spikelets 2-2.2 mm long, 0.8-1.3 mm wide, ellipsoid, usually reddish, shortly pubescent, subacute. Lower glumes 0.5-1 mm, triangular-ovate; lower florets

thorns on twigs usually frequent, straight to recurved, 2-years old usually dark gray, almost black, sometimes purple or chestnut-brown, usually slender, (1–)

terminal and axillary, terminal usually occupying distal 1/5 or less of stem, dense or interrupted in proximal 1/2 usually narrowly paniculate (branches

ascending or erect, usually pubescent or puberulent, rarely glabrous. Leaves not persistent, basal in rosette, alternate, usually simple, sometimes palmately

to firm, internally hollow with complete transverse septa 2–5 mm apart, usually evident externally except in narrowest culms. Leaves: distal leaf-sheaths

± 1/2 to midvein, teeth (2–) 3–5 per side, surfaces ± similar, abaxial usually pale green, sometimes grayish, hairs sparse to abundant, 0.5–1.7 mm, adaxial

Stems erect, branched distal to middle, 40–80 (–130) cm. Leaves: ocreae usually deciduous, rarely partially persistent at maturity; blade oblong-lanceolate

and/or sigmoid in fruit, usually longer than calyx, visible. Flowers: caly× lobes lanceolate to ovate, equal to capsule, ape× subacute to rounded; corolla blue-violet

ascending. Leaf-blades oblong to ovate, length usually less than 6 times width, base of distals clasping, margins usually entire. Inflorescences glandular; nodes

and/or sigmoid in fruit, usually longer than calyx, visible. Flowers: caly× lobes lanceolate to ovate, equal to capsule, ape× subacute to rounded; corolla blue-violet

leaf-blades abaxially, with fusiform, vertical or oblique rootstock. Stems usually erect, branched from above middle or in distal 2/3, 50–100 (–140) cm. Leaves:

obtuse or subacute. Inflorescences terminal, occupying distal 1/2 of stem, usually lax and interrupted, broadly paniculate, branches usually ascending

leaves 12–40 × 2–5 mm. Stems erect, rarely clumped, terete, 10–40 (–45) cm, usually simple, rarely branched, glabrous proxi­mal to inflorescence with sparsely

ascending, usually scabridulous. Spikelets 1.3-1.7 mm long, less than 1 mm wide, ellipsoid, often purplish, densely puberulent, obtuse or subacute. Lower glumes

so, apex acute or obtuse. Inflorescences terminal, usually occupying distal 1/2–2/3 of stem, usually lax and interrupted to top, broadly or narrowly paniculate

very rarely subacute, straight, teeth 2–3, normally at each side of margins, subulate-filiform, bristlelike, straight, 1–1.5 (–1.7) mm, usually as long as

Stems: 1–2-year old twigs usually very dark; thorns on twigs ± stout. Leaves: petiole glandular or eglandular; blade usually rhombic to rhombic-elliptic

part 3–6 (–7) -layered, situated at the bottom of a shallow or deeper, usually wide-angled groove, lunate, reniform or rectangular and distinctly flattened

perennial, glabrous, with vertical rootstock. Stems usually procumbent, rarely ascending, usually producing axillary shoots below 1st-order inflorescence

stipitate-glandular, viscid; cauline sessile, blades usually oblong to oblongelliptic, sometimes ovate to lanceolate, bases usually slightly auriculate-clasping, truncate

with 1-4 (5) branches; branches usually scabridulous, sometimes smooth, erect to ascending or spreading, spikelets usually restricted to the distal 1/2;

perennial, glabrous, with vertical rootstock. Stems usually erect, occasionally ascending, usually producing axillary shoots below 1st-order inflorescence

perennial, glabrous, with vertical rootstock. Stems usually ascending, occasionally erect, usually producing axillary shoots below 1st-order inflorescence

obtuse or subacute; tubercles normally 3, rarely 1 or 2, unequal, at least 1 distinctly larger, more than (1–) 1.5 mm wide. Achenes usually reddish-brown

small axillary tufts of leaves absent. Leaves sessile, not marcescent, usually confined to proximal 1/2 of plant; midstem leaves with blade lanceolate

514. Plants perennial, glabrous, with vertical rootstock. Stems usually ascending, usually producing axillary shoots below 1st-order inflorescence or at

terminal and axillary, terminal usually occupying distal 1/3–1/2 of stem, dense or interrupted only near base, usually broadly paniculate (branches simple

terminal and axillary, terminal usually occupying distal 1/5–1/3 of stem, rather dense or interrupted in proximal 1/2, usually narrowly paniculate (branches

erect to ascending. Leaf-blades linear to narrowly oblanceolate, length usually 6+ times width, margins entire, subentire, or ± dentate. Inflorescences

to ascending. Leaf-blades oblong to lanceolate or oblanceolate, length usually less than 6 times width, base of distals tapered, margins entire or serrulate

Annuals 8–40 cm. Stems erect to ascending. Leaf-blades ± linear, length usually 6+ times width, margins entire, rarely crenate. Inflorescences scaly and

ascending to spreading, usually longer than calyx, visible. Flowers: caly× lobes ovate, equal to capsule, ape× obtuse to subacute or obscurely rounded; corolla

narrowly oblong to linear, usually conduplicate, sometimes falcate, 13–22 × 1.5–8 mm, base cuneate, margins plane, apex acute to subacute, midrib with 2–4 pairs

Shrubs or small trees, to 6 m; branches dense, spreading at right angles, usually armed with stout, recurved spines 7–14 mm. Stems arching, velvety when young

2 mm, teeth 2–5 pairs, as long as or slightly longer than wide, apices subacute to acute, rarely aristate. Flowers: corolla white, sometimes tinged lilac

lateral spikes scaberulous; peduncles of terminal spikes (2.5–) 18–121 mm, usually much exceeding lateral spikes; proximal bract with sheaths tight, abaxially

occupying distal 1/2 of stem, usually lax, occasionally rather dense, interrupted in basal 1/2, broadly paniculate, branches usually straight, unbranched, forming

terminal and axillary, terminal usually occupying distal 1/5–1/3 of stem, rather dense or interrupted in proximal 1/2, usually broadly paniculate (branches

Inflorescences terminal and axillary, terminal usually occupying distal 1/3 of stem, lax, interrupted almost to top, usually broadly paniculate (branches simple or

terminal and axillary, terminal usually occupying distal 1/5–1/3 of stem, dense or occasionally interrupted near base, usually broadly paniculate (branches

each side, usually branched before passing into teeth, apex acute or obtuse, rarely rounded, spine-tipped; surfaces abaxially canescent, usually densely stellate-pubescent

Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs or trees, evergreen, usually moderate-sized, rarely large. Bark light or dark-brown, scaly. Twigs brown

felty-tomentose, eventually dingy gray. Buds dull russet-brown, ovoid, distally subacute or rounded, 3 mm, sparsely pubescent or glabrate. Leaves: petiole to 3-10

(–4) layers; apices acute to long-acuminate, less often rounded-obtuse and subacute; costa subpercurrent, entire and only shortly forked at the tip, 70–90

entire; apices slenderly or broadly acuminate, piliferous or muticous, subacute to narrowly rounded-obtuse, awns hyaline, 0.1–0.75 (–1.2) mm, erect to

young teeth gland-tipped, teeth gland-tipped, veins 4–7 per side, apex subacute to obtuse, surfaces glabrous, adaxial larger veins sparsely short-hairy

membranous; blade normally narrowly linear, or occasionally linear-lanceolate, usually not hastate, rarely some with indistinct basal lobes, 3–10 × 0.1–0.2 (–0

dense in distal part and interrupted at base, narrowly paniculate, branches usually straight or slightly arcuate. Pedicels articulated in proximal 1/3, filiform

ascending, with diffusely branching and rooting base, forming loose mats, not usually branched distally, 0.3–1.5 dm. Stems: internodes 4-angled. Leaves spreading

distinctly 3-lobed, margins dentate to ± entire, apex obtuse (rarely subacute), grayish, usually densely farinose on both surfaces. Inflorescences glomerules in

mm in flower, 3–6 × 1–2 mm in fruit, apex acute or subacute. Corollas purple, mauve, or violet, usually with yellow palate, 17–24 mm; tube 2–3.5 mm wide

sigmoid in fruit, usually longer than calyx, visible. Flowers: caly× lobes narrowly deltate to lanceolate, equal to capsule, ape× subacute to rounded; corolla

very rarely subacute, straight, teeth (1–) 2–3, normally at each side of margins, subulate-filiform, bristlelike, straight, 1–2 (–3) mm, usually as long as

often curved towards stem when dry, ovate-ligulate to ovatelanceolate, usually concave proximally, moderately keeled distally, 0.4–0.7 (–0.8) mm, 1-stratose

subtending inflorescence leaflike, a bracteal leaf subtending panicles, usually 1/4–3/4 length of terminal internode, margins scabrous. Spikelets bisexual

Megatritheca Cristóbal, which shows a combination of morphological features usually associated with either Ayenia or Byttneria, has not been included in molecular

very short, else rarely 1 per side, distinct, but not on most leaves, usually very short, sinuses shallow, max LII 5 (–20) %, lobe apex obtuse, margins

flaps of internodal tissue. Flowers usually bisexual, ± radially symmetric; perianth segments persistent in fruit, usually 3, connate except for extreme tips

Stems several from base, erect or outer ones decumbent, (unbranched, stout, usually sparsely leaved), 1–3 dm. Basal leaves: blade linear, 2–7 (–10) cm, margins

margins entire to obscurely repand, flat to slightly undulate, apex acute or subacute, occasionally attenuate. Inflorescences terminal, occupying distal 2/3

stems to 18 cm. Leaves of fertile stems: blade oblanceolate to linear, usually flat, 5–45 (–60) × 0.8–4 (–8) mm, apex acute or subobtuse. Racemes 1–117-flowered

10) per side, apex subacute to acute, abaxial surface rufous-tomentose, especially along veins, sometimes glabrescent, adaxial usually dull, scabrous, especially

rhombic or broadly elliptic, 1–4.5 cm, margins entire, (apex rounded to subacute). Cauline leaves: (proximal petiolate, distal subsessile); blade elliptic

base usually broadly cuneate, lobes 2 or 3 per side, distinct, sinuses shallow to moderately deep, max LII 15–40%, lobe apex acute to subacute, margins

knotty base. Culms 6-20 cm, freely branched at and above the bases. Sheaths usually with a tuft of hairs on either side of the collars, often puberulent on

sheathed by bracts and persistent leaf-bases, previous year’s pseudobulb usually present, connected by short rhizome, producing numerous fibrous-roots. Stems

to 0.5 mm. Spikelets cylindric to ovoid, 5–20 × 2–3 mm, apex rounded to subacute; proximal scale amplexicaulous, apex entire; subproximal scale empty; floral

base, 10–40 cm, minutely viscid-glandular; small axillary tufts of leaves usually absent. Leaves not marcescent, distal sessile, proximal spatulate; blade

pilose or villous, upper nodes usually with sparser and shorter pubescence, occasionally glabrous. Lower sheaths usually hispid, hairs papillose-based,

glandular puberulent; petals usually white, infrequently pink, 2.2–5 (–7) × 1.7–3.2 mm, apical notch 0.4–1.5 mm; filaments usually cream, rarely light pink

midrib regions often greenish, ovate, 1–1.5 × 1 mm, entire, apex rounded to subacute, carinate in distal part of spikelet. Flowers: perianth bristles 5–6, pale-brown

extension-shoot leaves of C. mendosa are ovate to broadly ovate, usually quite wide, with 3–4 subacute to acute lobes, which can be confusing if only few typical

ovate-deltate, 0.6–2 × 0.6–1.5 mm, fleshy, apex subacute, often mucronate; petiole 0.1–1.1 cm; blade usually lanceolate to (narrowly) elliptic or oblance­olate

the achenes are usually distinctly rugulose or rough, often pitted-cellular, their apices usually truncate, and the tubercles are usually brown, often rudimentary

intravaginal. Leaves mostly basal, exceeded by the culms, flag leaf-blades usually reaching or exceeding the inflorescences; sheaths mostly glabrous, often

per side, apex obtuse to subacute, surfaces mostly glabrous with strigillose margins; bracts much reduced. Inflorescences usually nodding in bud, erect later

open; ligules membranous, truncate, ciliate; blades flat or convolute, usually obtuse. Inflorescences terminal, sometimes also axillary, panicles of 2-many

decumbent to erect, simple or branched, leafy throughout, 5–30 (–70) cm, usually glandular-puberulent distally, proximal pubescence varying from short and

internodes usually puberulent; fall phase branching profusely from the lower and midculm nodes, secondary branches and secondary panicles numerous, usually not

per side, veins 4–8 per side, apex subacute, surfaces ± densely villous, hairs some­times appressed; bracts usually much reduced. Inflorescences erect

Marjorie C. Leggitt Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants usually cushion-forming. Caudex branches stout, columnar, sheathed with marcescent

in common form, lobe apex usually ± obtuse, angled or not, margins serrate, teeth subacute, veins 4 or 5 per side, apex subacute to obtuse, adaxial midvein

side, apex obtuse or rounded proximally to subacute distally, surfaces subglabrous; bracts reduced, usually much narrower. Inflorescences nodding in bud

varying shape, characterized by subacute apices, often more or less cuneate bases, triangular lobes, thinner texture, and usually smaller flowers (15 mm diam

(narrowly diverging, exiting beyond widest part of leaf), apex subacute, obtuse, or truncate, usually tapered sharply, abaxial surface slightly pubescent, veins

present; twigs: new growth pubescent, 1-year old pale gray; thorns on twigs usually numerous, ± straight to ± recurved, 1-year old gray, slender, 2–5 cm. Leaves:

root­stock. Stems numerous, ascend­ing, clumped, terete, 5–15 (–22) cm, usually simple, rarely branched, subglabrous, with raised strigillose lines decurrent

low-denticulate with 4–15 teeth per side, lateral-veins usually indistinct, 2–5 per side, apex subacute to blunt, surfaces sparsely glandular puberulent on

to dark gray; bark on 2–5 cm thick branches gray-brown; thorns on twigs usually recurved, ± stout, 3–6.5 cm, 2-years old dark redbrown. Leaves deciduous;

soboles. Stems ascending to sub­erect, often clumped, terete, 15–50 cm, usually simple, rarely branched proximally, subglabrous proximal to inflorescence

270, 272, 273, 274, 276, 278. Plants small to medium-sized, in loose or usually dense mats or tufts, green, yellowish or brownish green to olivaceous in

Mentioned on page 503, 552. Shrubs or trees, 50–60 (–70) dm. Stems: main trunk usually present, sometimes suckering; twigs: new growth densely short-pubescent

LII 25–50%, lobe apex usually ± narrowly cuspidate, margins dentate, teeth ± distant, subacute, veins 5–7 per side, apex subacute, vein pubescence not recorded

sinuses shallow (LII to 10%), lobe apex subacute, margins crenate-serrate (distal 1/2), veins 3 per side, apex subacute, surfaces pubescent young, particularly

page 339. Mentioned on page 336, 340. Stems usually with 0–5 lateral branches, these usually unbranched, usually sparsely to densely scabridulous, sometimes

basal sheaths dull, base of blade usually persistent; blades ± channeled, 2–20 cm × 0.2–1.5 (–2) mm. Inflorescences usually compound, (8–) 10–35 × (2–) 3–8

reddish-brown overlaid dark gray, older gray; thorns on twigs usually numerous, usually recurved, 2-years old very dark, shiny redbrown, slender to moderately

with callose rim, especially distally, apex obtuse to subacute and mucronulate, both surfaces usually persistently densely tomentulose, hairs coiling to recurved

than long, ± reniform, apex obtuse or subacute, indument predominantly stellate; involucellar bractlets usually 3, sometimes 0; calyx lobes ovate, bases

linear-lanceolate, 3–4.5 × 1–2 mm in flower, 3.5–6 × 1–2.5 mm in fruit, apex acute or subacute. Corollas purple or red, with yellow or red palate, 22–29 mm; tube 2–3

appearing tubular; petals adhering to dorsal sepal, linear, 5–10 × 1–2 mm, apex subacute; lip oblong, 5.5–11 × 2–6 mm, apex dilated, margins often crenulate or

cuneate to attenuate, margins recurved to revolute, apex apiculate-rounded to subacute, midrib with 12–14 pairs of branches. Inflorescences globose-cylindric

proximal teeth stipitate-glandular, veins 5–7 per side, apex acute to subacute, abaxial surface sparsely pubescent or glabrous, veins hairy, adaxial shiny

minutely strigillose, apex subacute, surfaces glabrous; bracts not reduced. Inflorescences leafy spikes or racemes, flowers usually paired in leaf-axils of

Leaves mostly basal, exceeded by or as long as the culms, flag leaf-blades usually reaching the inflorescences; sheaths glabrous or with scattered hairs, becoming

Leaves: stipules ovate or deltate, 0.7–2 × 0.5–1.1 mm, not succulent, apex subacute, mucronate; petiole flattened, 0.5–2 (–2.5) cm; blade narrowly oblance­olate

papillose, apex subacute. Flowers: sepals ascending, pale green, broadly ovate-deltate, 1.5–2.5 × 1.8–3.3 mm, margins minutely papillose, apex usually acute, rarely

floral scales 115–220, 1–3 per mm of rachilla, stramineous to pale-brown, usually with pale to dark-brown submarginal band, midrib region sometimes greenish

sheathed by bracts and persistent leaf-bases, previous year’s pseudobulb usually present, connected by short rhizome. Stems pale green or yellowish green

or scarcely denticulate, 1–4 teeth per side, lateral-veins obscure, apex subacute or often blunt proximally, surfaces subglabrous or with scattered hairs

blade spatulate proximally to narrowly lanceolate or linear distally, usually folded along midrib, 0.5–3 × 0.1–0.7 cm, base long-attenuate, margins subentire

branched if damaged, (1–) 5–25 cm, ultimate branches usually short; leaf and bract apices obtuse to subacute, not mucronate. Spikes weakly torulose, 0.5–3 (–5)

except when damaged, 5–26 cm, ultimate branches usually short; leaf and bract apices obtuse to subacute, not mucronate. Spikes ± torulose, 0.7–5 cm, with

articulated, narrowly cuneate to linear, margins plane to revolute, apex subacute to rounded, midrib with 0–4 pairs of branches. Inflorescences rounded-corymbiform

dentate to base, apex subacute, surfaces stellate-hairy. Inflorescences axillary solitary flowers. Pedicels slender, 8–12 (–16) cm, usually 2+ times length of

twigs absent or few. Leaf-blades usually ± broadly ovate, lobes 2–4 per side, sinuses shallow (LII 8–15%), lobe apex subacute to obtuse. Stamens 20. Pomes

shortly decumbent at base, becoming erect, branched from near base. Leaves: usually only proximalmost opposite, sometimes to midstem, distal alternate, erect

1.5-1.8 mm, usually glabrous, rarely slightly pubescent. Lower glumes usually less than 14 as long as the spikelets; upper glumes usually shorter than

also common but where the plants are smaller with usually finer thorns and particularly small, usually acutely lobed leaves. Rather scarce forms with larger

young, densely glandular; blade usually narrowly to broadly obtrullate, sometimes ± obovate, 3–5 cm, thick, floppy, base usually gradually tapered, lobes 1

internodes mostly scabrous, scabrous or hispidulous below the nodes. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, flattened below, glabrous, scabridulous or

which it closely resembles). Spikelets 1.8-2.3 mm, ellipsoid, usually glabrous, obtuse to subacute; upper florets 1.7-2 mm. 2n = unknown. Dichanthelium dichotomum

Copyright: Utah State University Culms to 100 cm, erect; nodes usually glabrous; internodes terete, usually glabrous, often slightly glaucous, sometimes olivaceous;

dm. Stems usually single-trunked; 1-year old twigs deep mahogany, shiny, older gray-brown; thorns on twigs single, slightly recurved, usually brown young

convolute to conduplicate, or flat to plicate, sharp, those of the upper leaves usually exceeding the inflorescences. Inflorescences terminal, compact panicles

base, veins 4 or 5 per side, apex subacute, adaxial midvein hairy young. Inflorescences 3–6-flowered; branches usually glabrous; bracteoles caducous, numerous

(-olivaceous) or near black. Stems 0.6–2.5 cm, central strand distinct. Leaves usually erect, occasionally slightly curved, sometimes towards stem when dry, ovate-triangular

segments 0.2–1.4 cm × 0.5–4 mm), margins usually pinnatifid, rarely apically 3 or 5-lobed, apex obtuse or subacute. Cauline leaves shortly petiolate or sessile;

mm shorter than the upper glumes and lower lemmas, obtuse to subacute. Caryopses usually absent. 2n = 20. Axonopus scoparius is native from southern Mexico

exceeded by the florets, usually glabrous, sometimes mostly hirtellous but glabrous distally, 1-veined, obtuse to subacute, unawned; lemmas 3.5-5 mm,

University Plants annual; tufted. Culms 3-27 cm, erect, glabrous. Sheaths usually longer than the internodes, smooth or scabridulous; ligules 1.5-3 mm, membra

Culms uniformly slender, 40–80 cm; vegetative culms few, inconspicuous, usually fewer than 15 leaves, not strikingly 3-ranked. Leaves: sheaths adaxially

subtruncate, or cuneate, margins usually coarsely and irregularly dentate, rarely (distalmost) repand, apex obtuse or subacute. Racemes few-flowered, (lax in

or 3 per side (diverging at narrow angle from midvein), apex usually rounded to subacute, sometimes sharply cuspidate, or acute (in narrower-leaved forms)

truncate, entire or lobes 1–3 (or 4) per side, sinuses shallow, lobe apex subacute to acute, margins serrulate teeth 1 mm, 10 per cm, gland-tipped, veins

pubescent, 1-year old gray-brown or brown, older gray; thorns on twigs usually numerous, sometimes absent, straight, rarely slightly recurved, 1-year old

5–4.5 cm, lobes 0 or sinuate (those on rapidly elongating shoots larger, usually proportionately wider than those on short-shoots, sinuately lobed), margins

with 2-6 bisexual florets; rachilla internodes 2-2.4 mm. Glumes obtuse to subacute; lower glumes 4-10 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, 3-5-veined; upper glumes 5-11

per side (exiting in distal 1/2 of leaf), apex usually truncate to obtuse, sometimes cuspidately subacute, surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences 1–3-flowered;

to triangular-ovate, 6–13 cm, bases truncate or subcordate to obtuse or subacute, margins coarsely laciniate-dentate, ciliate with multicellular trichomes

recurved, slender, 3–5 cm. Leaves: petiole 1.2–2 cm, adaxially short-hairy, usually eglandular; blade broadly elliptic to suborbiculate, 5–8 cm, thin, base

Illustrator: Karen Klitz, Linda A. Vorobik Copyright: Utah State University Plants usually cespitose, sometimes stoloniferous, nodes of the stolons often pilose. Culms

glabrous, 1-year old reddish-brown, 2-years old gray; thorns on twigs usually recurved, 2-years old shiny reddish-brown or darker, ± slender, 3–5 cm.

thin, base cuneate, lobes 2 or 3 per side, sinuses shallow, lobe apex subacute, margins serrate, teeth 1 mm, veins 4 or 5 per side, apex acute, surfaces

older gray; thorns on twigs slightly curved, 2-years old blackish gray, usually fine, 3–4 cm. Leaves: petiole length 25–40% blade, densely stipitate-glandular

linear-oblong to oblanceolate, 3–20 × 0.5–3 mm, herbaceous, apex obtuse to subacute, sparsely antrorsely pubescent. Cymes terminal and lateral, 15–50+-flowered

glabrous, mostly smooth, some¬times scabridulous below the nodes. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, glabrous, smooth or scabridulous; ligules 0

3–4 cm. Leaves: petiole length 15–25% blade, pubescent, glandular; blade usually narrowly obovate to obtrullate, sometimes oblanceolate, 2–3 cm, thin to

reduced, ciliate blades and secondary panicles. Cauline sheaths and blades usually glabrous, lower sheaths and blades sometimes sparsely pubescent. Spikelets

attenuate, margins sinuate-dentate to coarsely dentate, apex rounded to subacute. Cauline leaves (distal) sessile; blade margins entire or denticulate.

pairs 4–6 mm, slightly dilated basally; anthers linear, 3–4 mm; gynophore usually obsolete, rarely to 2 mm. Fruits oblong, somewhat inflated, (0.8–) 1–2 (–2

white-tomentose, 1-year old dark gray, older gray, ± stout; thorns on twigs usually numerous, slightly to strongly recurved, 1-year old purple-black, older

recorded; blade elliptic-rhombic to broadly elliptic-rhombic, 2–3.5 cm (usually widest near middle), length/width = 1.3 or wider, base broadly cuneate,

Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants usually fairly soft, olivaceous, brown or yellow, rusty orange to blackish brown

long hairs sparse to ± abundant, other hairs usually absent. Cauline leaves (0–) 1 (–2). Inflorescences usually 1 (–2) -flowered, rarely to 5-flowered. Pedicels

linear-oblanceolate, 2–5 cm, margins entire, usually involute, sometimes flattened, (apex obtuse to subacute). Cauline leaves: blade linear-oblanceolate

hairs usually dense, short hairs and glands absent or obscured, adaxial green to grayish green, long hairs sparse to common, 0.5–1.5 mm, usually stiff

proximally, usually narrowly ovate to ovate or broadly elliptic, rarely lanceolate distally, 3–10.5 (–16) × 1–4.5 (–5.5) cm, apex obtuse to subacute; bracts

lanceolate, subterete, 10–25 × 4–6 mm, base spurred, not scarious, apex subacute. Flowering shoots creeping or ascending, simple, 10–25 cm; leaf-blades

to oblong, 6–35 × 5–25 mm, base cuneate to subcordate, apex rounded to subacute; cauline on proximal 1/2 to middle of stem. Flowers: sepals spreading in

to cuneate, margins entire or coarsely toothed, lobes oblong, rounded or subacute, sinuses acute or narrowly rounded at base, reaching more than 1/2 distance

serrulate, minutely glandular at apices, veins 3–5 per side, apex acute to subacute, matte, abaxial surface glabrate, vein pubescence not recorded, adaxial

side, sinuses shallow, lobe apex subacute to acute, margins serrate except in proximal 1/4, veins 8 per side, apex usually acute, abaxial surface persistently

mm diam.; sepals 4–6 mm, apex subacute to acute, glands sparse to common, usually not obscured; petals pale-yellow, usually not overlapping, 6–7 × 4–8 mm

Mentioned on page 672, 674. Plants sometimes canescent basally; caudex usually simple, rarely branched. Stems: several from base, often unbranched or branched

× 0.8–1.2 mm; hypanthium 4–6 mm diam.; sepals 4–5 mm, apex subacute to acute, glands usually ± sparse, not obscured; petals pale-yellow, not overlapping

mm; hypanthium 2.5–3.5 mm diam.; sepals 2.5–4 mm, apex subacute to acute, glands ± common, usually not obscured; petals pale-yellow, not overlapping, 3–5

Spikelets 1.5-3.2 mm. Glumes greenish-gray, glabrous, 1-veined, rounded to subacute; lower glumes 0.6-1.4 mm; upper glumes 0.7-1.7 mm; lemmas (1.5) 1.8-2.5

ovate to rhombic-ovate, base ± cuneate, sinuses: max LII 10–15%, lobe apex subacute, veins 3 or 4 per side, abaxial surface glabrous, veins pilose, adaxial

viridis. By anthesis, the adaxial leaf surfaces are usually only sparsely hairy and by fruiting they are usually glabrous. The strong tendency to glabrescence

mm), margins 1-pinnatifid or 2-pinnatifid or pinnatisect, apex obtuse or subacute. Cauline leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; blade similar to basal, smaller

appressed-pubescent, 1-year old purple-brown, older dark gray, usually slender; thorns on twigs usually numerous, ± straight, 2-years old blackish gray, fine,

old gray-brown to purple-brown, older gray, ± slender; thorns on twigs usually present, straight, 1–2-years old purple-brown to gray, ± fine, 1–2 cm. Leaves:

crenate-serrate, veins 3 or 4 (or 5) per side, barely impressed, apex acute to subacute, abaxial surface glabrous, adaxial appressed-scabrous (young), often glabrescent

glabrous or the midveins and margins appressed-pubescent, apices obtuse to subacute, unawned; paleas 0.8-1.4 mm, shortly pubescent or glabrous; anthers 0.2-0

throughout or obscurely puberulent, hairs about 0.06 mm, 1-veined, obtuse or subacute; lemmas 1-1.2 mm, oblongelliptic, purplish to light brownish, not mottled

serrulate, veins 4 per side, distinctly impressed adaxially, apex acute or subacute, abaxial surface glabrous, veins hairy, adaxial appressed-hairy. Inflorescences

broadly cuneate, lobes 2 or 3 per side, sinuses moderately deep, lobe apex subacute, margins irregularly serrate, veins 3 or 4 per side, apex acute, surfaces

margins crenate, teeth 1 mm, venation craspedodromous, veins 5 per side, apex subacute, surfaces glabrous except abaxially with tufts of hair in vein-axils. Inflorescences:

brown, 2-years old dark redbrown, older gray or dark gray; thorns on twigs usually numerous, straight to slightly curved, 1-year old dark blackish brown, ±

suberect or ascending, terete, 10–40 cm, simple or sparsely branched, usually glabrous and ± glaucous proximal to inflorescence, strigillose distally

narrowly cuneate, lobes 2–4 per side, max LII (0–) 5–20 (–25) %, lobe apex subacute to broadly cuspidate, margins finely crenate-serrate or serrate, veins

revolute, sometimes flat, red-glands usually common, conspicuous; hypanthium 3.5–4.5 mm diam.; sepals 5–7 mm, apex subacute; petals 6–8 × (4–) 5–8 mm, longer

1-year old tawny to reddish-brown, 2-years old dark gray; thorns on twigs usually numerous, straight to slightly decurved, 2-years old shiny blackish gray

196, 198, 203. Plants densely tufted to cushion-forming. Caudex branches usually stout, columnar, sheathed with marcescent whole leaves. Stems erect, (0

basally, glabrous or sparsely pubescent abaxially. Panicles 3-24 cm long, usually less than 5 cm wide, open; primary branches 2-11 cm, alternate, few, stiffly

new growth reddish green, 1-year old usually deep chestnut; thorns on twigs ± straight, 2-years old very dark, usually slender, 2–5 cm. Leaves: petiole length

are parallel or almost parallel at the middle of the blade; the apex is usually acute, and the base is truncate or abruptly attenuate. In E. esula, the

densely glandular, glands black, veins (2 or) 3 or 4 (or 5) per side, apex usually cuspidate, sometimes acute, adaxial surface sparsely pubescent young, main

Amphidium 67 Calyptrae mitrate, plicate, usually hairy; on tree trunks and dry rock. > 68 68 Leaves usually little altered when dry; basal marginal laminal