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horizontal, occasionally slightly ascending, drooping at tips, 4–17.3 × 1–3.6 cm, 2.5–10 times longer than wide; blade narrowly elliptic, occasionally elliptic

horizontal to occasionally slightly ascending, drooping at tips, 4.1–12.7 × 1.5–3.6 cm, 1.9–5 times longer than wide; blade elliptic, occasionally narrowly

base; blades occasionally pseudopetiolate, seldom disarticulating at maturity. Inflorescences terminal, sometimes also axillary, occasionally subterranean

rarely with tuberous thickenings (Pseudostellaria). Stems prostrate to ascending or erect, simple or branched. Leaves opposite, connate proximally or not

Acetosella), occasionally polygamomonoecious, with taproots and usually short caudex, or sometimes rhizomatous and/or stoloniferous. Stems erect, ascending, or

stramineous, whitish, or rarely blackish, usually glossy. Stems creeping, ascending, erect, arching, or pendent, green or reddish, densely to loosely terete-foliate

Volume 2. Treatment on page 246. Plants perennial, terrestrial or on rock, occasionally hemiepiphytic or epiphytic. Stems creeping to erect, rarely arborescent

in fruit. Fruiting pedicels erect, horizontal, divaricate, spreading, ascending, or sigmoid, usually slender, sometimes stout. Flowers: sepals erect or

Roots fibrous, principally adventitious. Stems (culms) usually trigonous, occasionally terete, rarely compressed, usually solid, rarely hollow or septate. Leaves

glomerules). Involucre ± actinomorphic, not spurred; glands (2–) 4, slightly concave, flat, or slightly convex; appendages petaloid or absent. Staminate flowers (0–)

immediately subtending calyx occasionally present. Pedicels present, or flowers sessile. Flowers bisexual or occasionally unisexual, radially symmetric;

racemes, occasionally spikes; primary branches without axillary pulvini and usually appressed to ascending, or with axillary pulvini and ascending to strongly

weak, unable to support anthers; anthers with 2 pollen-sacs, extrorse, occasionally latrorse, usually dehiscing longitudinally [rarely apically]; ovary inferior

not spurred; glands [0–] (2–) 5, slightly concave, flat, or slightly convex; appendages usually petaloid, occasionally rudimentary. Staminate flowers (5–)

Acnida), glabrous or pubescent. Stems erect, ascending, decumbent, or prostrate, usually branched, occasionally simple or nearly so; without nodal spines

glands that senesce into white flakes. Leaves simple, usually alternate, occasionally opposite, lacking stipules, petiolate or sessile, sometimes reduced to

small (less than 0.3 mm diam.), occasionally ephemeral, sometimes absent; sporangial capsules glabrous or occasionally hairy. x = 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34

paniculate proximally and racemose distally, bracteate, occasionally pubescent; bracts ascending, erect, or rarely reflexed; peduncle sometimes scapelike

margins entire, undulate or not, usually glabrous and smooth or occasionally slightly papillose, sometimes roughened abaxially by ± deltoid epidermal spicules

green, growing in rigid cushions, tufts, mats or patches. Stems erect, ascending, or prostrate, dichotomously to irregularly branched. Leaves erect and

persistent, occasionally persistent through growing season or longer, rarely quickly deciduous; blade glabrous or floccose to tomentose, occasionally also glandular

spikelike racemes, with 1-5 sessile or subsessile spikelets per node, occasionally panicles, sometimes with morphologically distinct sterile and bisexual

loose cushions. Stems erect (creeping in O. kellmanii), branches erect to ascending. Leaves usually erect-appressed and straight when dry, spreading to widespreading

Stems woody or herbaceous (succulent in Euphorbia myrsinites), erect or ascending, branched or unbranched, terete, glabrous or hairy. Leaves alternate (opposite

simple-stemmed species occasionally are branched. White flowers may occur in otherwise blue-flowered species, and vivipary occasionally occurs. Furthermore

rhizomatous, sometimes stoloniferous. Culms 8-180 (220) cm, usually erect to ascending, sometimes strongly decumbent to prostrate, usually glabrous. Leaves usually

3–5-locular; styles 3 or 5, occasionally 4 (absent in staminate flowers), filiform, 1.5–20 mm, glabrous proximally; stigmas 3 or 5, occasionally 4, linear along adaxial

sporophore Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Plants terrestrial. Roots occasionally branching laterally, yellowish to black, 0.5–2 mm diam., smooth or with

branched. Leaves evergreen in rosette; blade light green to green and occasionally with lighter patterns of white (“cross-zoned”) or imprinted with white

contracted or spikelike panicles; disarticulation usu¬ally above the glumes, occasionally below the pedicels. Spikelets with 1 (2-3) florets. Glumes usually (0)

capitate clusters, with peripheral flowers usually opening first; receptacle slightly rounded to conic, without pedicel-like projections; bracts persistent,

sericeous puberulent, or short-pilose; taproot not woody. Stems prostrate, ascending or erect, without persistent leaf-bases, lanate, tomentose, floccose, or

or brownish, pale stramineous to yellowbrown with age. Stems creeping, ascending, erect, or arching, not reddish, densely to loosely terete-foliate, rarely

sometimes scabrous, occasionally pubescent; lemmas usually chartaceous, sometimes coriaceous, bases more or less rounded dorsally, slightly or distinctly keeled

walls thin or moderately thick; laminal cells slightly elongate (3–4:1) to linear (10–20:1), smooth (occasionally prorate abaxially in S. starkei), walls thin

sometimes almost stellate hairs, occasionally glabrous, or becoming glabrous at maturity. Stems erect or ascending, rarely prostrate, branched (rarely

stipitate-glandular; rhizomatous, with woody caudices, or taprooted). Stems ascending to erect, rarely vinelike, usually simple, sometimes branched distally

woody, and ropelike or fusiform taproot. Stems procumbent, decumbent, ascending, or erect, unarmed, with or without glutinous bands on internodes. Leaves

America Association Plants usually on rock. Stems compact to long-creeping, ascending to horizontal, usually branched; scales brown to tan or often bicolored

lateral or proximal lateral spikes pistillate; bisexual spikes occurred occasionally. The lateral spikes were peduncled or subsessile and bore a minute, tubular

slender to tuberous. Stems with foliaceous sheaths. Leaves basal or occasionally cauline. Inflorescences terminal spikes, flowers inserted in lax to dense

mm, weak and wiry or relatively stout and rigid, erect, ascending or decumbent; nodes occasionally swollen, glabrous or densely pubescent, often with a glabrous

internodes, usually long-hairy with appressed or ascending hairs, occasionally with spreading hairs, occasionally with shorter hairs, rarely nearly glabrous;

loose mats. Stems creeping, sympodial, stoloniferous; secondary stems ascending, irregularly branched, branches few-to-many, curved or in whorls; paraphyllia

America Association Plants usually on rock. Stems compact to creeping; ascending or erect (rarely horizontal), stolons absent. Leaves monomorphic, dying

species hybridize, especially within the T. erectum group. Hybrids and the occasional anomalous, odd-sized, or diseased individuals are not keyed here. Morphologically

spike staminate or, occasionally, androgynous. Proximal pistillate scales with apex obtuse, acute, or cuspidate. Perigynia ascending, spreading, or reflexed

often narrowly lanceolate bract. Flowers 1–16, usually sessile, erect or slightly diverging, large and starlike, fragrant; perianth connate basally into

cespitose. Culms (3) 10-250 (300) cm, usually ascending to erect, often geniculate at the lower nodes, occasionally prostrate and rooting at the lower nodes

linear-oblong; style tips elongate (as measured in descriptions including the slightly swollen nodes, long cylindric fused portions of style-branches and very

448. Plants usually annual, rarely perennial. Culms 5-90 cm, erect or ascending from a decumbent base, usually glabrous. Sheaths open, usually glabrous;

simple or branched caudices, sometimes stoloniferous). Stems erect to ascending, decumbent, or prostrate, simple or branched, glabrous or hairy, sometimes

elongate to linear, smooth or occasionally prorate on dorsal surface, walls moderately thick; basal-cells undifferentiated or slightly broader than adjacent cells

annual], with slender to thickened, usually erect, occasionally spreading, rootstock. Stems erect or ascending [prostrate], branched or unbranched, terete, glabrous

bisexual, rarely unisexual (subfam. Ericoideae), radially symmetric (sometimes slightly bilaterally symmetric in subfam. Monotropoideae and subfam. Ericoideae);

perennial, occasionally annual, stout, pubescent to glabrate, from slender and spongy or massive and woody taproots. Stems erect to ascending, unarmed,

distinctly shorter than the lowest lemma in the spikelets, sometimes only slightly shorter, rarely longer, membranous, rounded or weakly keeled, veins obscure

Mentioned on page 9, 10, 13. Shrubs. Stems densely branched, branches ascending or divaricate; twigs yellowish green to green or grayish green, eventually

Stems creeping to ascending or erect, sympodial or monopodial, irregularly branched to regularly pinnate, innovations often ascending-arching; paraphyllia

absent; turions present or absent. Stems terete or compressed, nodes occasionally with oil-glands; turions with extremely shortened internodes, divided

rootstock. Stems erect or ascending, branched, terete, glabrous or hairy. Leaves opposite or alternate; stipules usually present, occasionally absent, at base of

Xyroides Thouars Treatment appears in FNA Volume 22. Herbs, perennial, occasionally annual, rosulate. Stems simple, erect, sometimes caudiciform, short to

rosettes not cespitose, 10–20 × 20–37 dm. Leaves erect, spreading to ascending, occasionally reflexed, 80–200 × 15–25 cm; blade light green to green or glaucous-gray

FNA Volume 2. Plants usually on rock. Stems short-creeping to compact, ascending to horizontal, usually branched; scales black or often bicolored with dark

awns usually to 7 mm, sometimes 16-33 mm, straight; paleas slightly shorter than to slightly longer than the lemmas, keels usually scabrous or ciliate on

5-14 mm wide, usually thin, distant, spreading to reflexed or (occasionally) ascending, yellow-green to purplish, usually glabrous on both surfaces or

moderately large, in extensive mats, lustrous. Stems creeping (spreading to ascending in E. concinnus), irregularly branched to subpinnate, branches relatively

Inflorescences paniculate, rarely racemose, 3–18 dm; bracts caducous or occasionally persistent. Flowers 2–5 per node, functionally unisexual, pistillate

sometimes numerous, whorled, distinct, leaflike to subulate or linear, occasionally awn-tipped, thinly pubescent (sometimes appressed), hirsute, villous

apex acuminate; petals spreading, carried in same plane as sepals or ascending slightly, dark reddish-brown, maroon, purple, or white, sometimes pale-yellow

elliptic-ovoid, 2.5–4 × 1.5–2 mm; beak slightly bent, tapering. Achenes obvoid to broadly ovoid, 2.2–3.2 × 1.2–1.8 mm, slightly concave at maturity, tightly fitting

usually simple. Stem-leaves ovate to ovatelanceolate; base not cordate, occasionally rounded, not decurrent; margins plane to reflexed or revolute, entire;

scarious or papery, apex defined by a usually prominent adaxial hood, ascending to slightly descending, rounded to triangular, sometimes absent (P. americana

page 5, 7, 173, 182, 188. Subshrubs or shrubs, 5–350 cm. Stems erect to ascending, often fastigiately or intricately branched (bark typically tan, becoming

range, Cyphomeris gypsophiloides is often slightly pubescent, with slightly undulate leaf margins, and slightly warty fruits. Such plants may represent results

erect, glabrous or pubescent, hairs simple; bark shedding, smooth, or occasionally persistent near base of trunk, or rough throughout. Leaves heterophyllous

-veined, unawned; calluses blunt, usually terete or slightly laterally compressed, sometimes slightly dorsally compressed, glabrous or hairy, hairs often

open. Leaves ascending, widest at base, (20–) 25–70 × 4.5–10 cm; blade grayish, gray or blue-glaucous, yellowish green, or greenish, occasionally cross-zoned

tufts or ± evenly distributed, hairs 0.1–0.5 mm; ribs sometimes slightly paler, slightly elevated above surface (usually less than 0.5 times as wide as

nonlustrous, thin, slightly glandular and occasionally ciliate with isolated, multicellular hairs, lacking translucent projections. Vein tips slightly (if at all)

perennial, with deep, spreading rootstock. Stems erect or ascending, usually unbranched, occasionally few branched, solitary or few, previous years dead stems

often different color than distal 2, smaller or subequal, distal 2 blue (occasionally lilac, lavender, yellow, peach, apricot, or white), clawed; stamens (5–)

pinnatifid, or pinnatisect. Racemes slightly to considerably elongated in fruit. Fruiting pedicels erect, suberect, ascending, horizontal, reflexed, or divaricate

corolla creamy white, often greenish and occasionally tinged with dark-pink, clawed, to 2 times calyx, claw slightly longer than calyx, limb obovate-lanceolate

FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 11. Mentioned on page 10. Shrubs or, occasionally, trees. Stems densely branched; twigs tan or reddish tinged, ± angled

throat or not, lobes 5, rarely 3, all usually ca. equal size or adaxial slightly longer, mostly triangular to deltate, rarely reduced and barely evident;

truncate, rounded, or very broadly cuneate, apex smoothly attenuate or occasionally slightly acuminate. Flowers: involucral-bracts 1.5-2 mm; tepals ca. 1.5 mm

lateral clefts, or lateral clefts absent and calyx 2-lobed, or lateral clefts slightly deeper than abaxial and adaxial (C. plagiotoma); petals 5, corolla white

sweeping to slightly ascending. Leaves 1–30 mm, generally with stomates on both surfaces, the free portion to 30 mm, those on leaders, ascending branchlets

thin textured > 5 4 Leaves linear to lanceolate or oblong, thin, green or slightly scurfy when young; seeds ovoid, not wider than long; coastal e Canada and

branches spreading to ascending; pedicels capillary, lax, minutely glandular just below the spikelets. Spikelets with 1 floret, slightly laterally compressed

fruit. Fruiting pedicels erect [ascending], (usually appressed to rachis), slender to stout. Flowers: sepals ascending, oblong, lateral pair not saccate

rhizomes ascending, reddish-brown to purplish brown, 0–3 mm, stout or absent. Culms 20–60 cm, scabrous distally; bases (remnants of old leaves) slightly or not

bracts paired, foliaceous, smaller. Pedicels ascending to erect, reflexed in fruit. Flowers bisexual, occasionally pistillate or reduced and sterile; perianth

fragrant. Branches spreading-ascending, terete, pubescent to glabate, glandular when young. Leaves mostly deciduous, occasionally persistent, ± deeply pinnatifid;

to ascending, rooting at the lower nodes when in water, simple to divergently branched from the lower and middle nodes, usually succulent, slightly compressed

leaves. Taproots slender. Stems prostrate to decumbent, flowering-stems ascending or weakly erect, simple or branched, terete or weakly 4-angled. Leaves

(nearly smooth to finely tuberculate). Stems simple from base, decumbent, (occasionally few-branched), 0.5–1.5 (–2) dm. Basal leaves: blade elliptic to broadly

than tall; stamens 10; filaments adnate to corolla base; pistils erect or ascending to spreading, nearly distinct; ovary base rounded; styles shorter than

Howell) Staudt)] Stolons spreading or appressed ascending-hairy. Leaves dark green to bluish green, slightly glaucous, sometimes dull, ± thin to ± thick,

erect-recurved, not or slightly flexuose, stout, terete, strongly or moderately denticulate or spinulose-denticulate, not or slightly decurrent; costa 3–4-stratose

of plant, stinging hairs absent. Stems often branched from base, erect, ascending, or decumbent. Leaves alternate; stipules absent. Leaf-blades deltate,

floating. Stems usually erect or ascending, sometimes prostrate, decumbent, or sprawling, terete, subterete, or slightly ridged, rarely winged. Leaves alternate

or slightly longer than perigynia and ± equal in width, margin white, 0–0.2 (–0.4) mm wide, apex obtuse to acute. Perigynia ascending to ascending-spreading

Stems prostrate or slightly ascending, loosely mat-forming, 4–25 (–45) cm, glabrous. Leaves opposite; stipules usually distinct, occasionally connate basally

arising from spreading lateral roots, or with rhizomes. Stems erect or ascending, sometimes decumbent, and then sometimes rooting at nodes, epidermis green

appear to be merely gracile plants of T. ohiensis. Some native species are occasionally cultivated, although most garden plants seem to be hybrids of T. virginiana

on page 479, 481, 574, 581, 600. Herbs, perennial; roots woody. Stems ascending to erect, glabrous or pubescent to pilose or tomentose. Leaves deciduous

round-obtuse, often with sharp ridges, slightly rugose near sulci; sulci 0.1–0.3 times as wide as base of ribs, smooth or slightly rugose, not papillate. Generated

thickened; rhizomes often present, slender, 2–15+ cm. Stems 1–80+, erect or ascending to procumbent or prostrate to trailing, green, 5–60 cm; internodes terete

panicles or racemes of 2–50 heads or heads solitary, 2–14 cm, erect or ascending branches; primary bract erect; heads 3–70-flowered, obovoid to globose

as the lemmas; lemmas pubescent Gastridium 37 Glumes from slightly shorter than to slightly longer than the lemmas; lemmas glabrous, sometimes scabridulous

usually deciduous and withering at end of season, 0–5 (–10+), erect to ascending, decumbent, or prostrate, simple, [woody], leafy; from horizontal or vertical

flat, (0–) 3–5 (–9) -lobed, apex acuminate to acute; lobes spreading-ascending, narrowly lanceolate, arising at or above mid length, apex acute. Inflorescences

3–7-rayed, rays distinct or slightly fused at base, typically furcate near base, bifurcate or 3-partite, (not to slightly umbonate, smooth or moderately

lanceolate. Flowers usually orange-red, occasionally pale green or golden bronze; dorsal sepal free, lanceolate, ascending at apex; lateral sepals basally connate

stoloniferous in P. nutans), slightly to moderately succulent. Rhizomes present, roots fibrous. Stems (scapes) ascending, simple. Leaves in single rosette

glabrous, bases occasionally becoming fibrous, but not persistent in tufts. Inflorescences borne singly; spathes green or occasionally with purplish tinge

bractlike, inconspicuous, often absent. Inflorescences: peduncles arcuate-ascending, 6–25 cm; bracts tubular, sheathing, 5–7 mm; racemes 1–10-flowered; floral

erect or ascending, 17–70 cm × 1–1.5 mm. Leaves: basal sheaths light-brown to brown; sheaths green or yellowish green, 2–60 mm; blades ascending, green or

short-rhizomatous. Culms yellowbrown at base. Leaves: basal sheaths not or slightly fibrous, long-persistent; sheath fronts membranous; blades filiform, glabrous

North America Association Plants perennial or occasionally annual, 3–20 dm. Stems mostly prostrate with ascending branches, much-branched, glabrous. Leaf-blades

broadly ovoid, 4.5–6 × 2.4–2.8 mm, slightly to distinctly concave at maturity, tightly fitting in perigynia. Style ascending through entire orifice. 2n = 68

Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems ascending or erect, green or striped with pink or red, branched, (7–) 15–90 cm. Leaves:

(on main-stem) to 4 (on lateral branches), tightly appressed, ascending, green, occasionally reddish, linear or linear-lanceolate, 2.5–4 (–4.5) X 0.45–0

Association Plants herbaceous, often slightly woody at base, overall pubescence of white, capitate hairs 0.2–0.4 mm. Stems ascending to prostrate or sprawling, profusely

pubescent in distal parts of plant or becoming glabrescent at maturity. Stems ascending or prostrate, profusely branched basally, radiating from rootstock, mostly

Mentioned on page 316, 326, 331, 338, 642, 644, 645. Stems creeping to ascending or erect, 2–8 mm wide across leafy stem, monopodial, irregularly and remotely

stem and branches slightly pubescent when young. Stems erect, green or sometimes reddish purple, rarely underdeveloped plants ascending, branched to nearly

perennial; cespitose, older plants occasionally shortly rhizomatous. Culms 5-40 cm, slender, wiry, erect or slightly geniculate at the lower nodes; lower

America Association Plants usually on rock. Stems compact to long-creeping, ascending to horizontal, usually branched; scales brown to black or often bicolored

or perennial with woody bases. Taproots slender to stout Stems erect or ascending, simple or branched proximally, terete or angular. Leaves connate proximally

inflorescence, sessile or occasionally second (outer) with branch to 5 mm; spathes green or occasionally with purplish tinge, glabrous or occasionally scabrous, keels

rhizomatous, often forming woody stock. Stems 1–6 (–10), decumbent to ascending or erect, usually pubescent or puberulent, rarely glabrous. Leaves not

Poinsettia]] 4 Cyathia in pleiochasia; involucral glands slightly concave, flat, or slightly convex, 4–5 per cyathium (2–3 in E. oblongata), terminal clusters

plants are rigid and not or slightly glossy with stems occasionally curved at their ends; the branches are creeping to ascending; and the axillary hairs are

FNA Volume 4. Mentioned on page 393. Herbs, annual, prostrate to ascending, occasionally erect, sometimes forming mats, glaucous or green, 0.5–10 dm. Stems

(–2.3) mm, slightly longer than sepals at anthesis, equaling or shorter than sepals during capsule development; stamens 5 or 10, occasionally 8. Capsules

glumes. Glumes usually equal, occasionally subequal, 11-40 mm including the awns, the basal 0-1 mm subterete and slightly indurate, glume bodies 6-13 mm

spicate panicles), axes, leafy (occasionally almost leafless distally). Bracts lanceolate to linear-subulate, 1.3–3.5 mm, slightly longer than tepals. Pistillate

extremely delicate, closely enveloping seed. Seeds fusiform to obovoid, apex occasionally asymmetric or recurved, aerolateareolate; raphe basal; testa 3 or 10–15

stems erect-ascending, 8 cm, densely foliate, irregularly subpinnate proximally, often curling upward when dry, uncurling erect-ascending when moist; cortex

Flora of North America Association Plants perennial. Stems ascending to semierect, slightly to moderately branched, elongate, glandular-pubescent to viscid

branched roots. Stems few-to-many, erect to ascending, unbranched or branched, hairs appressed to ± ascending, matted, long, soft, mixed with short-glandular

mm, 10–32 mm longer than inner, tapering evenly towards apex or occasionally slightly constricted proximal to apex, margins distinct or rarely connate

glabrous, with vertical rootstock, occasionally with short-creeping rhizomes. Stems ascending or erect occasionally almost procumbent, usually producing

globose, 10–22 mm diam.; rays 0–6, 1–7 cm; bracts 3–6, horizontal to slightly ascending, flat, 3–26 cm × 1–3 mm. Spikelets 6–20, linear-lanceoloid, compressed

pale-brown. Leaves: blade 2-pinnate with pinnatifid leaflets to 3-pinnate, occasionally 2-ternate; leaflets short to long-petiolulate, blade ovate, deeply lobed

Glumes straight, ascending to slightly divergent at maturity. Central spikelets: glumes 5.5-20.5 mm long, to 0.5 mm wide, setaceous to slightly flattened near

glabrous, occasionally scabridulous. Flowers: stamens 1–2; anthers 0.8–1.2 mm; styles 0.8–1 mm; stigmas 0.6–0.8 mm. Achenes brown, slightly stipitate,

glandular-pubescent. Leaves: axillary fascicles absent; basal rosette or tuft of ascending leaves usually present; basal blades linear, 10–30 mm, succulent, apex

Mentioned on page 477, 481. Taproots gradually ramified distally. Stems ascending to suberect, 10–12 (–30) cm. Leaves: basal leaves evergreen, sessile or

over the midvein, apices subulate, acute, obtuse or rounded, entire or slightly emarginate; awns straight, arising less than 1.5 mm below the lemma apices

longer than broad; if the length is greater than the width and the sides are slightly convex, the sheath is elliptic in face view. Stomates are usually visible

glandular. Leaf-blade conspicuously or inconspicuously veined, lateral-veins ascending-arching, or inconspicuous, tertiary-veins apparently absent or very faint

taproot. Stems erect or ascending, 15–60 cm, both pilose and inconspicuously strigillose; branches usually ± straight, occasionally proximal branches arcuate

Perignyium beak appressed-ascending, broad triangular, distance from beak tip to top of achene (1.4–)2+ mm; styles straight or occasionally sinuous near middle

rows, occasionally with 3–4-stratose spots, variously 1–2-stratose in the proximal portion; pilose, awns hyaline, 0.3–0.8 µm, terete, erect, slightly flexuose

plants often with branched caudex or with rhizomes or trailing stems. Stems ascending to erect or prostrate, simple or branched, ± terete. Leaves mostly connate

30–150 cm. Stems erect to ascending, green when young, fastigiately branched, glabrous or sparsely hairy, resinous. Leaves ascending to spreading; blades filiform

40 per spike, appressed-ascending to ascending, pale green to pale-brown, 3–6-veined abaxially, conspicuously or, occasionally, faintly, 2–4-veined adaxially

tufted, ascending, lax or, occasionally, decumbent, 12–44 cm × 0.7–1.2 mm. Leaves: basal sheaths brown; sheaths 3–24 mm, serrulate; blades ascending, midrib

Treatment on page 256. Mentioned on page 227. Plants in robust, loose, arched-ascending, readily disintegrating patches, brownish green distally, blackish proximally

annual; taproot tapered, soft or ± woody. Stems usually erect or ascending, occasionally decumbent, moderately or profusely branched primarily distally,

(–8), semileaflike or more often scalelike. Peduncles absent or erect, ascending, spreading, horizontal, cernuous, recurved, or deflexed, filiform to capillary

Stems erect or ascending, 20–70 cm, both coarsely and sparsely hirsute and closely strigillose; branches usually ± straight, occasionally proximal branches

rhizomes usually ascending, occasionally horizontally spreading, dark reddish-brown to purplish brown, 0–10 mm, stout. Culms ascending, 7–30 (–40) cm, weakly

surface unknown, probably wet and non-papillate. Fruit a capsule, straight or slightly curved, subterete and clavate or oblong-cylindrical, regularly loculicidal;

or slightly asymmetric and angled or short-tapered (wider leaves), margins entire, occasionally ± revolute, apex rounded to truncate, occasionally emarginate

appears in FNA Volume 2. Plants terrestrial, epiphytic, or on rock. Stems ascending to erect, bearing wiry stolons and sometimes underground tubers. Leaves

perennial, glabrous, with vertical rootstock. Stems usually ascending, rarely decumbent-ascending or suberect, usually producing axillary shoots below 1st-order

lateral, erect or ascending, green, midrib well developed, especially abaxially, 2 lateral-veins developed adaxially, flat to slightly corrugated, 11–29

North America Association Culms densely tufted, central or lateral, ascending or slightly decumbent, 45–62 cm × 0.5–1 mm. Leaves: basal sheaths tan or light-brown;

patches, olivaceous to greenish, occasionally somewhat grayish in the upper part, brown proximally. Stems 3–4 (–11) cm, ascending to erect, almost unbranched

staminate portion. Pistillate scales ascending, ovate-circular, 1.9–2.5 (–3) × 1.1–1.7 mm, apex obtuse, sometimes slightly mucronate. Staminate scales usually

John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems erect or ascending. Leaves arching, 5–18 dm; bulblets absent. Petiole 1/8–1/4 length of leaf

Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, erect or ascending, rarely rooting at nodes. Stems often flexuous, 30–100 cm; internodes pilose

1–1.3 mm; stamens 2, slightly exserted. Fruits 2–12 per cluster, usually remotely spaced, sometimes about 1/2 overlapped, occasionally ± paired, straw colored

terrestrial forms, with vertical or creeping rootstock, occasionally with creeping rhizomes. Stems erect, ascending, or submerged and/or floating (in aquatic forms)

and styles are typically two (except for three in Micranthes texana); occasional flowers on plants in some species may have three or, rarely, four stigmas

ochroleucous, creamy, or ivory, occasionally green or rarely yellowish, nodding only at base of perianth or occasionally ascending, urceolate to gaping, base

bracts persistent, triangular, 1–5 cm; lateral branches (6–) 8–18, slightly ascending, comprising distal 1/4–1/3 of inflorescence, longer than 10 cm. Flowers

thin, horizontal or slightly oblique rootstock (usually not reaching deep into substrate) and ± crowded 2d-order roots (occasionally with short-creeping

illecebrosus), erect, arching, mounding, or creeping, rarely decumbent, ascending, or scrambling, rooting or not at nodes or tips, terete or angled; prickles

5–15 (–17) × 1–3 (–5) cm, base truncate, slightly cordate, or broadly cuneate, margins entire, normally slightly undulate and crisped, apex acute or subobtuse

all specimens of it that we have examined are just slightly smaller forms of G. leibergii with slightly more sinouse mid leaf cells. The extension of G.

10–60 (–90) cm; usually taprooted, sometimes rhizomatous. Stems erect to ascending or sprawling, often much branched, glabrous or hairy, sometimes stipitate-glandular

leaves usually not persistent at maturity. Stems ascending, spreading, or almost prostrate, occasionally erect. Leaf-blades spatulate, lanceolate, or ovatelanceolate

shoots 10-35 cm, from rhizomes, rhizomes primarily vertical, occasionally strongly ascending. Basal leaves (0-) 1-2, ternate; petiole 10-20 cm; terminal

Herbs, perennial, with deep, stout rootstock. Stems decumbent or slightly ascending, branched, often densely clumped, previous years dead stems not persistent

Capsules dark-brown to black, broadly fusiform or slightly turbinate, 6–13 mm; pedicel erect to ascending. Seeds hemispherical, with shallow depression on

2–5 mm; proximal cauline bracts leaflike, usually shorter than (occasionally slightly exceeding) inflorescences. Spikes: proximal pistillate spikes 2–4

imbricate, ovate to ovate-triangular, broadest at 1/9–1/5 leaf length, slightly to occasionally strongly concave, not to weakly plicate, 1.8–3 × 0.8–1.6 mm; base

page 493. Plants perennial, glabrous, with vertical rootstock. Stems ascending, ascending-decumbent, or erect, simple or producing axillary shoots below 1st-order

3–8 (–12) cm, prostrate to ascending, mostly pinnately branched, occasionally almost unbranched. Leaves appressed and slightly twisted when dry, erect-spreading

Herbs, perennial, sometimes slightly woody at base; taproot long, ropelike, ± woody. Stems usually erect or ascending, occasionally decumbent, sparingly branched

spreading to ascending, (1–) 2–5 mm in flower, to 7 mm in fruit, glandular-villosulous. Flowers: calyx lobes slightly falcate, abaxial slightly shorter than

densely tufted, central or lateral, rarely erect, ascending, lax, or, occasionally, decumbent, slightly winged, 14–53 cm × 0.8–1 mm. Leaves: basal sheaths

R. tomentosum, scented or not); sepals 5 [–9], slightly connate; petals 5 [–9], strongly to only slightly connate (sometimes nearly distinct), corolla deciduous

folds present (longitudinal folds in abaxial side of tube), lobes loosely ascending to recurved (not cucullate), abaxial lobes 3, adaxial 2; stamens 4, didynamous

with vertical rootstock. Stems solitary or several from base, erect or ascending, branched in distal 2/3 (in inflorescence), 10–40 (–45) cm. Leaves: blade

cm. Leaves: sheath adaxially white-hyaline, summits usually U-shaped, occasionally prolonged to 3 mm beyond collar; distal ligules (1–) 2–3 (–6) mm; blades

earlier, the upper blades usually ascending and somewhat involute, adaxial surfaces smooth or scabridulous, occasionally scabrous. Spikes 9-15 cm long, (0

Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems usually erect or ascending, occasionally decumbent, leafy mostly in proximal 2/3 of plant, openly forked

horizontal or slightly oblique rootstock (usually not reaching deep into substrate) and ± crowded 2d-order roots. Stems erect or rarely ascending, 1 to several

4–7.5+ mm; pedicel erect to ascending. Seeds globose to obconic, lacking obvious depression, 0.8–2 mm, granular or slightly rugulose. 2n = 32, 64. Phenology:

cm, thick, leathery. Pinnae to 8 pairs, ascending, remote, distance between 1st and 2d pinnae not or slightly more than between 2d and 3d pairs, basal

Pedicels articulated near middle, filiform or slightly thickened, (8–) 10–16 mm, articulation distinct, slightly swollen. Flowers 5–15 in whorls; inner tepals

or shrubs, glabrous or hairy, hairs stellate or simple. Stems erect, ascending, or trailing. Leaves: stipules persistent or deciduous, linear, lanceolate

or occasionally at most weakly papillose-pubsecent, with fusiform, vertical rootstock. Stems erect (some dwarf alluvial forms may with ascending or almost

Stems usually prostrate, occasionally ascending, 5–30 cm, glabrous. Leaves opposite; stipules usually distinct, occasionally connate basally (distal portion

olivaceous to greenish yellow. Stems 0.5–1.8 (–2.5) cm, ascending, subpinnately or occasionally pinnately branched to almost unbranched, usually radiculose

whorls, 3–16 leaves per whorl, horizontal and drooping at tips to ascending, occasionally nearly clasping stem, 3.7–12.3 × 0.9–4.7 cm, 2–6.5 times longer

1–10-branched or unbranched, massive with trunk, main branches erect or ascending from near midstem of trunk (secondary branches absent except where injured)

nearly so. Stems erect or ascending, often whitish or tinged with red, simple to sparingly branched distally, or occasionally basally, 0.2–1 m. Leaves:

glandular, usually resinous. Leaves ascending to spreading; blades usually elliptic to oblanceolate, occasionally spatulate, 10–15 × 0.5–1.5 mm, mostly

primary bract erect to ascending; heads 25–100-flowered, globose, 10–15 mm diam. Flowers: tepals green to straw-colored, occasionally reddish, lanceolate-subulate;

undifferentiated. Seta reddish orange, 0.6–1.4 cm, slightly roughened, sometimes almost smooth except basal 1/4. Capsule slightly inclined to horizontal, reddish orange

Inflorescences terminal, distichous spikes, spikelets usually 1 per node, occasionally in pairs at the lower nodes, spikelets at the lower 4-6 nodes often sterile;

flowering-stems scapelike, spreading to erect, infrequently decumbent to ascending, slender, solid, not fistulose, 0.03–4 dm, floccose to tomentose or lanate

Stems to 7 cm, creeping but ascending from substrate, terete-foliate, irregularly branched, branches to 6 mm, straight to slightly curved, terete-foliate.

with cormlike bases, slightly compressed, erect or geniculate at the lower nodes; nodes glabrous or pilose; internodes slightly compressed, glabrous.

perennial, cespitose; taproot stout; caudex much-branched, woody. Stems ascending, scarcely branched, 8–20 (–30) cm, softly pubescent, stipitate-glandular

to 6 cm, fleshy. Pinnae to 6 pairs, ascending, mostly overlapping, distance between 1st and 2d pinnae only slightly greater than between 2d and 3d pairs

cottony hairs, glands absent or sparse to common, sometimes red. Stems ascending to erect, not flagelliform, not rooting at nodes, lateral to persistent

white, plane, linear-lanceolate, oblanceolate to obovate or elliptic, occasionally clawed, 4.2-11 mm; petals 5-7, distinct, green, plane or concave distally

strongly ascending, terminating in irregular umbellate or subracemose clusters of flowers, not all pedicels attaching at same point (flowers occasionally borne

their length, monomorphic to slightly dimorphic, oblong to obovate, rounded to obtuse or truncate apically, occasionally irregularly denticulate, those

partial whorls, 3–10 leaves per whorl, ascending, sometimes only slightly, or occasionally ± horizontal and drooping slightly at tips, 3.1–15.7 × 0.5–3.6 cm,

Mentioned on page 18. Herbs, perennial, slightly woody at base; taproot long, ropelike, ± woody. Stems decumbent to ascending, sparingly branched throughout, 2–7

388, 450, 454, 457, 4. Annuals, 1–15 (–20) cm. Stems 1, erect, or 2–10, ascending to ± prostrate. Leaves cauline; mostly opposite; blades linear to ovate

sometimes lateral roots producing adventitious shoots. Stems (when present) ascending [or decumbent]. Leaves in a basal rosette, sometimes also cauline, (4–)

glandular-hairs with thin stalks and slightly expanded tips; rachis with scattered glandular-hairs and occasional hairlike scales. Pinnae ovate-deltate

horizontal or ascending in sun, drooping at tips, 4.6–15.3 × 0.6–2.3 cm, 3.5–13.7 times longer than wide; blade narrowly elliptic, occasionally linear or slightly

to grayish white, ovoid, slightly 4-angled in cross-section, abaxial faces convex, adaxial faces slightly concave to slightly convex, 1–1.4 × 0.7–1.1 mm

428, 465. Plants large, occasionally quite small, in loose to moderately dense mats, usually pale stramineous, occasionally light green, very rarely deep

not stoloniferous, 5–50 cm; rhizome thick, fleshy. Leaves basal, 4–8, ascending to erect; stipules linearlanceolate, margins entire, apex acute; petiole

ovate, 0.7–3 cm, not fleshy, margins plane, slightly involute, 0 (–3) -lobed, apex acuminate; lobes ascending to spreading, linear to lanceolate, apex acuminate

green, often becoming reddish at maturity, 25–150 (–200) cm, ± glabrous or slightly pubescent. Stems erect, branched. Leaves sessile (proximal sometimes with

linear-lanceolate, occasionally almost linear, 5–13 × (0.5–) 1–2.5 cm, usually ca. 7 or more times as long as wide, widest near middle, thin, occasionally subcoriaceous

America Association Herbs, usually biennial, occasionally annual, with taproot. Stems erect or ascending, decumbent and often branched near base, 10–40

glabrous or scabrous near the apex, entire, unawned; paleas sometimes slightly longer than the lemmas; anthers 3, minute; ovaries glabrous; caryopses

six are native, three are established weeds, and two are cultivated and occasionally persist as weeds. Hordeum secalinum has been reported from the Flora

Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems erect to ascending, much-branched, 1.2–3.5 dm, glabrous to sparsely farinose. Leaves nonaromatic;

3-ranked, erect-ascending to weakly falcate, linear-lanceolate, 4–7 mm, medial stem-leaves 0.4–0.8 mm wide; margins plane, entire or occasionally serrulate proximally;

M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants large, occasionally small, in moderately dense mats, light green, becoming whitish stramineous

(2–) 3–7 (–8) mm, usually approximately as long as inner tepals, occasionally slightly longer or shorter, articulation swollen. Flowers 12–20 in whorls;

not papillose abaxially. Inflorescences (9–) 15–65 cm; spikes erect or ascending; proximal 2–4 spikes pistillate; terminal 2–5 spikes staminate. Pistillate

mm; lateral 2–4 (–6) spikes pistillate, proximal ones usually erect, occasionally spreading or pendent, separate, pedunculate, distal ones overlapping

Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants perennial, glabrous or slightly papillose-pubescent especially on leaf-blades abaxially, with long-creeping

gradually or occasionally abruptly reduced upward on stem, base of blade sheathing stem or narrowed to broad petiole over 7 mm wide, ascending to spreading

Stems erect, rarely ascending, branched above base (occasionally with slender branches near base); branches straight or slightly arcuate. Leaves alternate;

brown cells, base usually round to obtuse, occasionally subtruncate, margins ± sinuate, apex acute, occasionally obtuse. Inflorescences terminal, branched

perennial, glabrous, with vertical rootstock. Stems usually erect, occasionally ascending, usually producing axillary shoots below 1st-order inflorescence

leaves in 3–5 pairs, similar, but reduced distally; basal blades erect-ascending to arcuate-spreading, subulate or needlelike to filiform, (0.8–) 2–11 (–14)

lateral or central, ascending or lax to decumbent, 39–47 cm × 0.8–2 mm. Leaves: basal sheaths light-brown; sheaths 6–22 mm; blades ascending, midrib and 2 lateral-veins

later; branches ascending, unarmed. Leaf-blades elliptic, 2–6 × 2–5 cm, base rounded, occasionally pubsecent along veins, apex rounded to slightly retuse. Inflorescences:

perennial, cespitose, occasionally solitary, 2–10 (–11) dm, base bulbous to nearly bulbous. Stems compact. Leaves erect to ascending, 10–50 cm; sheaths pinkish

Leaves spreading or ascending; petiole 0.1–2.2 (–5) cm; blade broadly deltate or ovate, 2–5 (–8) × 1.7–7 (–12) cm, fleshy to slightly succulent, base rounded

or slightly beyond green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to light bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 9–15 mm, apex truncate to occasionally rounded

erect, ascending, or occasionally decumbent, rarely rooting at nodes. Stems often much branched distally, 15–60 cm; internodes not at all to slightly glaucous

[rarely appearing annual], sometimes slightly woody at base; taproot fusiform, woody. Stems decumbent, ascending, or erect, usually profusely branched

perennial, glabrous, with vertical rootstock, occasionally with short-creeping rhizomes. Stems ascending or erect, usually producing axillary shoots below

glabrous, with vertical rootstock and/or creeping rhizomes. Stems erect or ascending, several from base, branched in distal 1/2 (in inflorescence), 10–40 (–45)

sheaths tight, hyaline band of adaxial face with apex truncate, concave, or slightly convex, elongate to 1.3 mm beyond apex; ligules 4–4.9 (–9.6) mm; blades

shorter to slightly longer than perigynia, less than or equal in width, margin white, 0–0.2 mm wide, apex obtuse to awned. Perigynia ascending, green or

cross-section, 1.5–3+ dm, thick, glabrous. Bracts sessile or subsessile (occasionally weakly cuneate basally); blade dark green with maroon overtones early

sometimes hairy. Panicles 7-13.5 cm, open; branches erect, ascending and appressed to slightly spreading. Spikelets 20-40 mm, elliptic to lanceolate, terete

perennial, glabrous, with vertical rootstock. Stems procumbent, occasionally ascending, usually producing axillary shoots below 1st-order inflorescence

annual; taproot tapered, soft or ± woody. Stems usually erect or ascending, occasionally decumbent, branched several times, primarily distally, 3–6 dm, minutely

times the length of the internodes, tangential to the rachis, appressed or ascending, the upper spikelet (s) sometimes sterile; fertile spikelets 5-15 mm, with

Inflorescences racemose, 1–26 (–41) -flowered. Flowers ± horizontal to ascending, sometimes slightly bilaterally symmetric, not fragrant; perianth ± funnelform; sepals

at summit; ligules wider than long; blades pale green or slightly gray-green, flat or slightly involute, 5–15 cm × 1–2 mm, shorter than culms. Inflorescences

annual, glabrous or glabrescent or viscid-pubescent. Stems usually erect, ascending proximally, rarely almost prostrate, much-branched, bushy (large plants

sepals divergent-ascending, streaked with green to maroon, lanceolate to ovatelanceolate, 36–68 × 12–21 mm, margins entire, flat or slightly raised adaxially

lateral sepals spreading to reflexed, 9-16 × 3-7 mm, spurs horizontal to slightly ascending, often decurved apically, 12-18 mm; lower petal blades elevated, ±

sometimes perennial, with slender to occasionally thickened taproot, 5 mm diam.. Stems erect to ascending, sometimes slightly woody at base, not mat-forming

cuneate to rounded-cuneate, margins entire, plane or slightly undulate, apex acute, obtuse, or slightly emarginate, with terminal mucro. Inflorescences terminal

7–15-flowered, usually unbranched. Fruiting pedicels divaricate-ascending, straight to slightly curved proximally, recurved distally, 10–20 (–25) mm, pubescent

apex acute to awned. Perigynia spreading to somewhat reflexed, rarely ascending, veined, stipitate, ovate or lanceolate, round or rounded-trigonous in

broadly, shortly caudate, hornless, not callous, tips slightly scarious (purple), entire or slightly erose. Involucres dark to blackish green, pruinose,

often present, (0.5–) 1–3 cm; 3d order rays occasionally present, 5–12 mm; bracts 4–8, horizontal to ascending at 30°, with prominent cross ribs,V-shaped

1–0.2 (–0.4) cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins entire, flat or occasionally slightly revolute, apex acute or obtuse. Inflorescences terminal, occupying

annual; taproot tapered, soft or ± woody. Stems procumbent or decumbent to ascending, sparingly branched throughout, 1–4 dm, minutely puberulent with bent hairs

9–2.4 × 1–1.3 mm; base slightly rounded, inconspicuously decurrent; margins recurved usually only near base, entire to slightly serrulate; apex gradually

flat or slightly involute, 5–10 cm × 1–2 mm, shorter than culms. Inflorescences 0.7–1.5 cm × 4–7 mm; proximal bracts scalelike, occasionally bristlelike

apomictic); taprooted or with branched caudices. Stems (1–10+) erect or ascending, scapiform (terete), simple (hollow), glabrous or villous proximal to heads

inflorescence larger and more open. Involucral bracts are spreading or ascending, 13–230 mm, or exceeding spikelets, smooth or margins and midrib scabrous

16 15 Cypselae terete or slightly compressed with rounded edges or 4–6-sided, without prominent nerves, glabrous or slightly strigose; pappi of rays 0

straight to curved basally, ascending distally, not disarticulating at maturity; central awns 20-35 mm; lateral awns slightly shorter than the central awns;

underground stolons. Stems erect or slightly ascending, 1 or several from base, sparsely branched in inflorescence,occasionally inflorescence simple or nearly

usually lanose-floccose, occasionally glabrate; ligules about 0.1 mm; blades 10-25 (30) cm long, 2-6 mm wide, flat, light green or slightly blue-green, glabrous

diameter, occasionally flat and 0.5-1.5 mm wide. Panicles 1.6-5.5 cm, usually contracted, sometimes diffuse, lower branches erect or ascending, spikelets

slender little-branched taproot. Stems erect to ascending, branched, dichotomous distally and slightly angled, 4–25 cm, glabrous or sparsely strigillose

Mentioned on page 141. Plants perennial, often mat-forming, glabrous. Stems ascending or, more frequently, procumbent, rooting at nodes, giving rise to secondary

America Association Plants perennial (occasionally biennial), often matted; taproot stout. Stems prostrate to ascending, branched especially distally, retrorsely

calyx length; lobes curved slightly toward adaxial side, narrowly oblong to narrowly lanceolate, apex acute. Corollas often slightly curved, 25–45 mm; tube

extensively in the horticultural trade in the Canadian prairie provinces, may occasionally persist after cultivation. None. Ribes acerifolium, Ribes amarum, Ribes

mm, slightly exceeding the upper florets, 11-13 (15) -veined, veins scabridulous distally; lower florets sterile; lower lemmas 4-4.8 mm, slightly exceeding

papillose-hirsute; fall phase branching from the midculm nodes, branches initially ascending to erect, sometimes developing simultaneously with and overtopping the

Herbs, annual, 0.1–4.5 dm; with fibrous-roots. Stems solitary, erect to ascending, unbranched or diffusely branched from near base, hairs spreading, medium

finely serrulate (usually distally), apex usually rounded to obtuse, occasionally slightly retuse or obcordate proximally, bluntly mucronate, surfaces glabrous;

underground stolons. Stems erect, rarely ascending, tufted at base and branched only in inflorescence, occasionally inflorescences simple or nearly so, 10–40

leaves gradually tapering to insertion (except H. pratense); alar regions slightly differentiated > 4 3 Stem leaves curved to insertion (except H. lindbergii);

not at anthesis, because both species have straight to slightly arching panicles with ascending branches. However, the rachis nodes of S. secundum are

0.2–0.3 mm thick, internodes 1–5 mm, scales not evident. Culms often ascending or spreading, 4-angled or sometimes terete, sometimes sulcate, 1–7 cm ×

yellow-brownish or olive to green-brown. Stems (1–) 2–7 cm or occasionally up to 10 cm long, prostrate to ascending, irregularly sparsely branched, usually radiculose

from almost straight to somewhat curved basally, ascending to divergent distally; lateral awns slightly shorter and thinner than the central awns; anthers

densely glandular, lacking cilia but with occasional 1–2-celled translucent projections. Vein tips slightly (if at all) enlarged, barely visible adaxially

(–17) mm, tube white or light purple to bluish purple, slightly constricted above ovary, slightly to moderately curved forward, glandular-pubescent; palatal

(–30) × 2–5 mm, base usually symmetric, sometimes slightly asymmetric, attenuate, margins entire, occasionally ± revolute, apex acute to obtuse, mucronulate

(15) cm, usually 1-3 (5) per node, usually appressed to strongly ascending, occasionally spreading, longer branches with 3-6 spikelets; pedicels 1.2-5 mm

veins, or white and lacking red marks, veins not engraved, oblong-ovate, occasionally lanceolate, usually widest just above middle, 2–5 × 1–2 cm, base tapering

Leaves occasionally scattered in young plants or in 1–5 whorls or partial whorls, 3–18 leaves per whorl, ± horizontal and drooping at tips or ascending, 7

scattered, ascending, distal appressed, 1.8–8.2 × 0.2–1.2 cm, 3.1–10.5 times longer than wide; blade narrowly elliptic, sometimes linear or slightly oblanceolate

blade noticeably pale abaxially, oblanceolate, sometimes slightly or narrowly so, or occasionally obovate, texture noticeably fleshy, margins barely to strongly

wingless. Spikelets (8–) 15–30, spreading to ascending-appressed, oblong-lanceoloid, quadrangular, slightly compressed, 5–8 (–10) × (2–) 2.4–3.4 (–4.2)

usually not exserted. Sheaths closed for 1/4-1/2 their length, terete to slightly compressed, glabrous or infrequently sparsely to moderately hairy, bases

apices acute, usually slightly lobed or irregularly crenate; paleas usually shorter than or equaling the lemmas, sometimes slightly longer, keels winged

often forming a mass, usually branching, filiform. Stems usually erect to ascending-erect, few-branched, 6–25 (–38) cm, moderately hirsute to hirtellous, hairs

Panicles usually not developed, if developed, 1-7 cm, diffuse, lower branches ascending, spikelets usually confined to the distal 1/3; pedicels scabrous, usually

cm, usually contracted, occasionally diffuse at maturity, lower nodes with 2-3 (4) branches, lower branches erect to ascending, spikelets usually confined

with straight, less than 0.5 mm hairs; primary branches 1-4 cm, erect to ascending, without axillary pulvini, with 3-8 spikelets. Spikelets crowded. Glumes

Panicles 10-28 cm long, 1-6 cm wide; branches (2) 4-13 cm, widely-spaced, ascending to spreading; pedicels 1-2 mm. Spikelets 7-10 mm, pale to dark purple,

color to foliage. Capsules dark-brown to black, slightly turbinate to ± globose, 4.5–9 mm; pedicel ascending to erect. Seeds ± hemispherical, with slight

cluster; bracteoles forming ascending, truncate, or shallowly 3-lobed involucre around pedicel, lobes spreading, occasionally cleft from proximal 1/3 to

on both surfaces. Panicles 5-16 cm, open; branches erect, ascending and appressed to slightly spreading. Spikelets 25-35 (45) mm, terete to moderately laterally

perennial, brownish or bronze-olive when dry, to 4 dm, not glaucous; rhizomes slightly elongated. Stems branched, with 1 or 2 nodes, 1.3–2 (–2.5) mm wide, glabrous

page 493, 507. Plants perennial, glabrous, with vertical rootstock. Stems ascending or erect, usually producing axillary shoots below 1st-order inflorescence

page 382. Annuals, fibrous-rooted or filiform-taprooted. Stems erect to ascending, straight or geniculate at nodes, simple or branched at proximal and medial

geniculate. Ligules 1-2.8 (3.3) mm, acute, obtuse, or truncate, entire or slightly erose; blades usually involute and 0.5-1 mm in diameter, sometimes flat

according to Rechinger f. (1937), with fusiform-incrassate root fibers]. Stems ascending or decumbent, usually producing axillary shoots below 1st-order inflorescence

margins 0.3–0.5 mm wide, apex obtuse to truncate, ending at green apex or occasionally extending beyond as 2 obtuse or truncate lobes. Flowers: tepals blue

acuminate-awned. Anthers 3–5 mm. Perigynia ascending to spreading, yellowish green, 18–26-veined, slightly inflated, lanceolate, 10.3–15.6 × 1.8–3.3 mm

5–15 spikes, 1–5 cm × 8–15 mm, occasionally compound, then somewhat larger; proximal bracts to 3 cm; spikes with 5–15 ascending to spreading perigynia; proximal

Herbs, annual; taproot tapered, soft or ± woody. Stems erect or ascending, occasionally decumbent, moderately or profusely branched, primarily distally

on page 492. Plants perennial, glabrous, with vertical rootstock. Stems ascending or decumbent, usually producing axillary shoots below 1st-order inflorescence

lobes diverging distal to middle, held nearly parallel, center lobe ascending, slightly longer than lateral lobes. 2n = 28. Phenology: Flowering late spring

obovate, 2–6.5 cm, margins entire, sinuate, or remotely toothed, (surfaces occasionally sparsely pubescent). Cauline leaves: (proximal often petiolate, distal

2–0.7 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to violet, occasionally white, bases yellow; outer tepals 7.7–12.5 mm, apex rounded or emarginate

rhizomes long-creeping. Culms lateral, trigonous, 15–100 cm, smooth or slightly scabrous-angled. Leaves: basal sheaths reddish purple, usually fibrillose

reddish. Culms 18-75 cm, usually more than 1 mm thick, occasionally delicate, erect or ascending; nodes glabrous; internodes glabrous; fall phase with decumbent

midculm nodes, blades slightly reduced, secondary panicles partially exserted. Cauline leaves 3-4; sheaths not overlapping, with ascending papillose-based hairs;

absent or usually divergent or straight, 0.1–0.3 mm, usually slightly longer than, occasionally equaling, teeth on gland margin. Staminate flowers 10–20.

after anthesis, lowest node with (1) 2-7 branches; branches spreading to ascending, sparsely scabridulous, branching above the midpoint, spikelets usually

erect or nodding at the apices, green or tan, occasionally purple-tinged; branches 1-5.5 cm, ascending to somewhat divergent, most spikelet-bearing for

subcordate to weakly cordate, margins entire, flat to weakly undulate, occasionally slightly crisped, apex obtuse or subacute. Inflorescences terminal, occupying

plants, 2–11.5 dm, basally usually with 2 lines of minute curved hairs, occasionally glabrous, distally with 2 lines of curved hairs, or evenly puberulent

looking slick. Branches whorled, spreading to ascending; twigs slender, purple-red to redbrown, occasionally glaucous, aging gray, smooth. Buds ovoid to

underside leaves slightly longer and narrower than upperside leaves, otherwise monomorphic, not clearly ranked, tightly appressed, ascending, green or green

caudices, woody with age, sometimes long-rhizomatous. Stems 1–5+, erect or ascending (straight, often stout), proximally usually ± densely hirtellous, sometimes

obovate, to 40 mm. Capsules sublinear, straight or slightly curved, to 25 cm, appressed to ascending-pubescent or glabrate. Phenology: Flowering late spring–summer

State University Plants sometimes rhizomatous. Culms 5-50 cm, erect to ascending, bases sometimes somewhat decumbent; nodes 2-4 (7). Sheaths smooth; ligules

glabrous, margins occasionally ciliate, ligules 0.2-0.7 mm, of hairs, without adjacent pseudoligules; blades 2-6 cm long, 1.5-6 mm wide, ascending, distant, flat

Treatment on page 157. Mentioned on page 94, 96, 97. Plants usually erect, ascending, sprawling, pendent, or decumbent, branched or unbranched, sometimes forming

10 (–15) cm, creeping or ascending, terete-foliate, irregularly to regularly pinnate, branches to 20 mm, straight to slightly curved, terete-foliate. Stem-leaves

gla­brate stolons 10–18 cm, 0.6–1.5 mm thick, occasionally bearing flowers and fruits. Stems erect, slightly ridged, usually well branched, (15–) 35–90 cm

sprawling shrubs, vines closely appressed to substrate, shrubs loosely ascending, evergreen. Roots adventitious, nodal. Branches appressed-pubescent when

rays sometimes unequal. Stems often several from base, usually erect or ascending, rarely decumbent, (unbranched or branched distally), (0.3–) 0.7–3 (–4)

5–7 µm, smooth or distal cells occasionally prorate; basal juxtacostal cells not clearly differentiated, shorter, slightly broader than laminal cells, region

cylindro-campanulate, (5–10 ×) 6–12 mm. Phyllaries 25–50 in 3 (–4) series, 1-nerved (slightly keeled) lanceovate (outer) to linear (inner), unequal, membranous, bases

appressed-ascending, ascending, or spreading, narrowly lanceolate to narrowly oblong or ovate, slightly to moderately thickened and slightly fleshy, sometimes

furcate or bifurcate, usually slightly fused at base, less frequently distinct. Stems few to several from base, ascending (in flower) to nearly prostrate

base, ascending to somewhat divergent distally; lateral awns slightly thinner and from much to slightly shorter than the central awns, ascending to divergent;

Gard. Chron., 141. 1873 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Stems compact, ascending, stout, 5–10 mm diam.; scales bicolored, linear-subulate, 0.1–0.3 mm wide

brown to blackish proximally, not or hoary. Stems prostrate to erect-ascending, (1–) 2–4 (–7) cm, copiously branched, mostly with short lateral, tuft-like

biennial, cespitose or solitary, 10–100 cm. Stems compact. Leaves erect or ascending in narrow fans, 5–60 cm; sheaths straw-colored, light green, or brown,

tufts, green to yellowish or brownish. Stems to 4 (–5) cm, creeping or ascending and erect, terete to subcomplanate-foliate, not julaceous, regularly or

decumbent to ascending near the base, highly branched above the base; nodes and internodes glabrous. Leaves cauline; sheaths usually slightly shorter than

Herbs, annual, with taproot. Stems prostrate, often mat-forming, occasionally with ascending tips, 5–45 cm, densely and evenly pilose to lanate. Leaves opposite;

Plants medium-sized, occasionally large, in loose tufts, light green to yellowish. Stems to 3–6 (–12) cm, creeping to ascending, straight or curved, terete-foliate

or sometimes elongate, ascending, loosely foliate or sometimes julaceous, curved at apices or sometimes straight. Leaves ascending to imbricate, not plicate

ovoid to pyramidal, slightly contracted or open, sparse, with fewer than 20 spikelets; nodes with 1-2 branches; branches 2-4 cm, ascending to widely spreading

pedicels usually horizontal, straight or slightly recurved, (6–) 10–25 mm, usually glabrous. Flowers ascending at anthesis; sepals pubescent; petals white

distal cells 2–5, long-cylindric to oblong. Leaves weakly 3-ranked, erect-ascending to weakly falcate, lanceolate, 3–4 mm, medial stem-leaves 0.4–0.8 mm wide;

apex slightly mucronate, mucro 0.05–0.1 (–0.2) mm. Flowers: perianth bristles persistent, 6, stout, straight or curved, slightly shorter to slightly longer

bracteate, slightly elongated in fruit; rachis not flexuous, pubescent as stem. Fruiting pedicels divaricate-ascending, straight or slightly curved upward

wide, exerted, lax; primary branches 3-14 cm, opposite and alternate, ascending, glabrous, branching in the distal M; pedicels 1-4 mm, appressed or spreading

ligules 0.5-1 mm; blades 3-25 cm long, 2-8 mm wide, often distichous, flat to slightly involute, firm, adaxial surfaces pilose basally, glabrous or sparsely pubescent

nonlustrous, thin, with occasional glands, lacking cilia, with 1–2-celled translucent projections on teeth. Vein tips occasionally enlarged to form whitish

viscid; glandular-hairs with thin stalks and slightly expanded tips; rachis with glandular-hairs and occasional hairlike scales. Pinnae ovate-deltate to elliptic

cm in fruit); taproots branched. Stems 1–10+, ascending to decumbent (at and after flowering) (occasionally erect), usually purplish, (mostly at or below

Herbs, perennial, cespitose, occasionally solitary, 2–8 (–10) cm, base bulbous. Stems compact. Leaves erect or ascending, 15–30 (–50) cm; sheaths pinkish

Shoots erect, determinate, occasionally indeterminate, 12–15 cm, clustered to short-decumbent, leaves of mature portion slightly smaller than leaves of juvenile

rhizomes creeping to ascending, long or short, scaly, woody with age. Stems 1–3+, usually ascending, sometimes decumbent, purplish, occasionally branched basally

Leaves in 1–9 whorls or partial whorls, 3–25 leaves per whorl, usually ascending, 1.7–15.7 × 0.4–4.7 cm, 2.4–7.4 times longer than wide; blade weakly oblanceolate

bluish purple, tube unangled, narrowly ovoid, slightly constricted above ovary, 8–10 mm, lobes ascending, 8–10 mm; perianth appendages 1 per stamen, each

lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, sometimes slightly oblanceolate, 8–30 × 6–14 mm, base usually acute, occasionally short-attenuate, rarely obtuse, margins

usually annual, rarely perennial, with taproot. Stems prostrate or slightly ascending, 10–40 cm, glabrous. Leaves opposite; stipules distinct, linear-subulate

(2–) 3 in a fascicle, spreading-ascending, persisting 3–4 years, (8–) 9–15 (–20) cm × 1.3–1.8 (–2) mm, straight, slightly twisted, deep yellow-green, all

rhizomatous. Culms trigonous, (20–) 30–120 cm × 1.4–3.5 mm, glabrous or occasionally with scattered prickles on distal angles. Leaves 2–4 (–6), inversely

Cindy Roché Copyright: Utah State University Culms 20-60 cm, erect to ascending; nodes 2-4, dark, glabrous. Sheaths glabrous or hispidulous towards the

blade broadly rhombic to elliptic-oblong, broadly to narrowly ovate, occasionally wider than long, 18–45 × 13–50 mm (distal leaves smaller, proportionately

used as ornamentals. At least one species, T. aquilegiifolium Linnaeus, occasionally escapes cultivation in Ontario and Quebec and possibly elsewhere. The

Herbs, perennial, with moderately thickened rootstock. Stems ascending, sometimes slightly woody at base, not wiry, 1–3 mm diam., 15–50 cm, canescent. Leaves

shorter than the internodes, glabrous; blades slightly smaller than those of the other subspecies, ascending or spreading, often lustrous, bright green,

30–80 cm × 1–2.5 mm, glabrous or occasionally with scattered prickles on distal angles. Leaves 9–11, flat to slightly V-shaped, 25–80 cm × 3.5–10 mm. Inflorescences:

distally, brown to blackish proximally. Stems 2–6 (–12) cm, prostrate to ascending, sparingly to copiously branched, often with numerous short branchlets

adaxial cells; laminal cells 1-stratose with occasional 2-stratose patched near the apex, smooth or slightly pseudopapillose; distal and median cells rectangular

white-felted, hairs dense, spreading to ± appressed, intertwined, long, soft, slightly branched, obscuring surface. Leaves ash gray, leaves of previous year persisting

stolons sometimes produced on plants in water. Stems ascending or erect, branched distally, slightly ribbed, glabrous or loosely appressed to spreading-hirsute

usually strongly ascending, ascending to divergent at anthesis. Glumes subequal, 3.5-4.5 mm long, 1.4-2 mm wide, from 1 mm shorter than to slightly exceeding

shoots, and exceptionally fast-growing long shoots may have leaves that occasionally exceed the dimensions given. In the majority of Prunus, a true terminal

unequal Acleisanthes anisophylla 4 Fruits 5-ribbed; leaves in each pair slightly unequal > 5 5 Ribs on fruit broad, flat, lacking grooves; leaf blades adaxially

9-21 cm long, 2-7 cm wide; primary branches 12-60 mm, occasionally capillary, narrowly ascending or diverging up to 70° from the rachises; pedicels 2-7

shrubs, perennial, with thickened and often woody rootstock. Stems erect to ascending, or nearly decumbent in shifting sand, 25–60 cm, glabrous. Leaves opposite;

strongly thickened rootstock. Stems prostrate to ascending, occasionally mat-forming, terete to slightly flattened, 5–18 cm, glabrous on lower surface, strigillose

in loose tufts, green, sometimes yellowish or brownish. Stems to 10 cm, ascending or more commonly arching, flexuose, terete to subcomplanate-foliate, irregularly

Taproots slender. Stems erect to ascending, simple to diffusely branched proximally and distally; main-stem occasionally prostrate, 0.2–1.5 mm diam. proximally

spreading to slightly reflexed; petals ovate-falcate, margins entire; lip descending, usually ovate with abruptly dilated base or occasionally lanceolate

glabrous or sparsely hairy, sometimes resinous. Leaves ascending to spreading; blades linear (slightly concave), usually recurved, 5–15 × 0.5–1.5 mm, midnerves

or somewhat elongate. Stems usually 1, ascending to erect or arching, densely spreading-puberulent to occasionally subglabrous. Leaves: basal (rosettes)

ocreolae overlapping, margins ciliate with bristles 0.2–1 mm. Pedicels ascending to spreading, 1–4 mm. Flowers (1–) 2–5 per ocreate fascicle, homostylous;

usually pubescent as stem, rarely glabrous. Fruiting pedicels divaricate-ascending, usually straight, rarely curved upward, 3–10 (–15) mm, usually pubescent

cauline blades. Culms 15-50 cm, few together, decumbent or ascending, light green, glabrous, slightly fleshy or thickened; fall phase branching mostly near

grayish-white-tomentose, eglandular; taproot slender to stout; caudex branched, slightly woody. Stems several, erect, branched distally, stout, 40–100 cm. Leaves:

rarely also with 1 lateral inflorescence from distal leaf-axil; rays ascending or divergent (commonly both in the same inflorescence), proximal branches

distal part, brown to blackish brown proximally. Stems (2–) 4–6 (–11) cm, ascending to erect, mostly unbranched, rarely irregularly sparingly or pinnately

2–12-flowered, ebracteate, slightly elongated in fruit; rachis not flexuous, pubescent as stem. Fruiting pedicels divaricate-ascending, straight, 1–5 mm, pubescent

perennial, cespitose to mat-forming. Taproots filiform to slightly thickened. Stems ascending to erect or procumbent, green, (0.8–) 3–12 cm, glabrous, internodes

ribs 4–5 prominent (to 13–15 fine), faces proximally smooth to occasionally slightly tuberculate, muricate in distal 1/4–1/3 (spines usually sparse);

dm; from a woody caudex; with a taproot. Stems several to many, erect or ascending, branched or unbranched, sometimes with inconspicuous, short, leafy axillary

rachis not flexuous, pubescent as stem. Fruiting pedicels divaricate or ascending, straight, (2–) 4–8 (–13) mm, pubescent as stem. Flowers: sepals ovate

pinnate, primary branches erect-ascending to arcuate, julaceous when dry, secondary branches not attenuate, often slightly clavate at apices; central strand

on page 106. Mentioned on page 97, 99. Plants perennial, scrambling to ascending, from slender, creeping rhizomes. Stems branched distally, 4-angled, 15–60

sheaths 2-4 cm; blades similar in shape to the lower cauline blades, narrow, ascending. Culms 10-50 cm, erect, lower 3-6 internodes telescoped together, forming

cm tall (rarely taller), 0.3-0.8 mm thick, delicate, erect or ascending; nodes slightly swollen, often purplish or darker green than the internodes; internodes

herbaceous sheath 0.2–0.5 mm; blade straight to slightly outwardly curved, green, flat, 1-veined, occasionally 3-veined abaxially, linear to subulate, 4–15

(2–5), erect to ascending, reddish, glabrous. Leaves fewer than 10, usually horizontal, sometimes patent, rarely erect; petioles slightly winged; blades

triangular-ovate, 0.5–0.8 × 0.7–1.7 mm, margins usually entire, occasionally slightly crenate to dentate; horns divergent, 0.2–0.4 mm, longer than teeth

2–7-flowered, ebracteate, slightly elongated in fruit; rachis not flexuous, pubescent as stem. Fruiting pedicels divaricate-ascending, straight, 3–9 mm, pubescent

glabrous or sparsely pubescent as stem. Fruiting pedicels divaricate-ascending or ascending, straight or often curved upward (not expanded basally), (3–) 5–17

system of slender to stout, branched roots. Stems few to several, erect to ascending or ± decumbent at base, unbranched or branched, sometimes with short, leafy

conspicuous; blades 19–50 cm × 6–13 mm. Inflorescences terminal; rays ascending or divaricate (often both in the same inflorescence), proximal branches

North America Association Plants 10–100 cm or more. Leaves few–several, ascending, scattered along stem, gradually reduced to bracts distally; blade oblong

Mentioned on page 501. Shrubs, (ultimate branches rigidly ascending), to 1.5 (–3) m. Stems erect, slightly angled. Leaves persistent; blade obovate to elliptic

Stems ascending or decumbent, few-branched, not filiform, densely glandular-pubescent, or less frequently glabrous; horizontal stems becoming slightly woody

ovatelanceolate, 0.8–1.2 × 0.3–0.4 (–0.5) mm; margins serrate to serrulate, occasionally subentire; apex narrowly acute to acuminate, at least some apices long-acute

narrowly lanceolate, with plane to slightly revolute margins. The stems are yellow-brown; the leaves are occasionally twisted-flexuose when dry; and the

tomentose to floccose. Stems: caudex spreading; aerial flowering-stems ascending to erect, slender, solid, not fistulose, arising at nodes of caudex branches

becoming white to rose-pink on apices, reduced, slightly pouched, 2–3 mm, 33–50% as long as beak; teeth ascending, white, pink, or green, 1–2.2 mm. 2n = 24.

lanceolate, 3–15 mm, apex acuminate; peduncle ascending, elongate, viscid stipitate-glandular. Pedicels ascending, elongate, viscid stipitate-glandular. Flowers:

margins plane or wavy, slightly involute, (0–) 3–5-lobed, apex acuminate to acute, sometimes obtuse; lateral lobes ascending-spreading, sometimes widely

Fruiting pedicels suberect to divaricate-ascending, straight or slightly curved, 5–13 mm, glabrous. Flowers ascending at anthesis; sepals glabrous; petals

blackish brown proximally. Stems (0.5–) 1.5–4.5 (–8) cm tall, erect to ascending, rarely prostrate, usually sparingly branched to almost unbranched. Leaves

of relatively small heads. Rarely, some specimens have slightly broader leaves with an occasional tooth, perhaps due to introgression with B. halimifolia

woody caudex; with a taproot or branched root system. Stems few-to-many, ascending to erect, unbranched or often strongly and diffusely branched distally

pubescent, trichomes simple, to 1 mm. Fruiting pedicels divaricate-ascending, straight or slightly curved upward, 1–6 mm, usually glabrous, rarely with few, simple

Leaves not basally concentrated; sheaths usually smooth and glabrous, occasionally scabridulous and inconspicuously pubescent near the margins; ligules

ovate to elliptic or lanceolate, slightly twisted or plane, flattened, (3–) 5–10 × 2–4 mm; valves often pubescent, occasionally glabrous, trichomes simple and

glabella (Richardson) Watt Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Stems compact, erect to ascending, with cluster of persistent petiole bases of ± equal length; scales uniformly

forking, compact. Culms lax, leafy toward base, filiform, ± terete. Leaves ascending, exceeded by culm; blades filiform, to 0.5 mm, margins mostly involute

spreading to ascending, linear to lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or narrowly oblong, thin and not fleshy, margins plane, rarely wavy, flat to slightly involute

Hibiscus schizopetalus 6 Petals not pinnatifid-laciniate, spreading or slightly reflexed; involucellar bractlets 0.3–3 cm > 7 7 Calyces conspicuously enlarging

1-2.5 mm; collars mostly glabrous; ligules 0.4-1.6 (3) mm, truncate to slightly rounded, abaxial surfaces pubescent, ciliate, cilia about 0.5 mm; blades

Stems erect, diffuse; branches alternate, numerous, horizontal or distally ascending, terete, 1.5–4 dm, densely white farinose when young, glabrate in age;

from a woody caudex; with a stout taproot. Stems few to several, erect or ascending, sometimes decumbent at base, unbranched or branched, hairs usually retrorse

to slightly drooping at maturity, rachises not or only sparsely hispid, nodes with papillose-based hairs; branches numerous, appressed or ascending, spikelike

fleshy, margins plane, flat or slightly involute, 0 (–3) -lobed, apex usually acuminate or acute; lobes upright or ascending, lanceolate, apex acute. Inflorescences

or blackish proximally. Stems (1–) 1.5–4.5 (–6) cm, prostrate to erect-ascending, usually much subpinnately branched to sparsely branched. Leaves loosely

Treatment on page 196. Mentioned on page 185, 215, 224. Herbs. Stems ascending to erect, 22–60 cm, retrorsely hairy and glandular-pubescent or glandular-villous

clavate spur about 2/3 to nearly the length of the lip. The lip occasionally varies to slightly lanceolate and the spur to somewhat saccate. The column appears

Corollas straight or slightly curved, 21–27 mm; tube 14–16 mm; beak partly exserted, adaxially green, 7–12 mm; abaxial lip ascending, green, reduced, 2–4

annual, with several decumbent shoots; taproot slender. Stems procumbent to ascending, branched, leafy, 15–45 cm, lanuginose, often sparsely so, viscid distally

sparsely hairy, hairs usually simple and stellate. Stems trailing to ascending, hairs usually both simple and stellate. Leaves: stipules persistent, narrowly

gray-violet; styles 3, ascending, becoming curled, 0.2–0.5 mm. Capsules pale straw colored, ovoid, 2–4 (–5) mm, equaling to slightly longer than sepals, apex

(forming colonies), strigillose, often also villous; from taproot. Stems ascending to decumbent, several-branched from base, usually also irregularly branched

stoloniferous, mat-forming, rhizomes or stolons flagelliform. Stems erect to ascending, usually simple, 2–10 (–20) cm, villous, internodes shortened. Leaves all

Volume 5. Treatment on page 455. Mentioned on page 454, 456. Plants ascending to slightly erect, 0.5–2 × 0.5–10 dm. Leaf-blades 1–5 × 0.4–1 cm. Involucres

fleshy, margins plane, flat to slightly involute, prominently veined, 0 (–3) -lobed, apex acute to rarely obtuse; lobes ascending or spreading, linear to filiform

dm; from a woody caudex; with a taproot. Stems few to several, erect to ascending, decumbent at base, unbranched except for small, leafy axillary shoots

Association Plants winter-annual or annual. Taproots filiform. Stems erect to ascending, green, 5–30 cm, glabrous or sometimes stipitate-glandular distally or

Peduncles ascending to erect, straight or slightly curving upward, 1–6 (–7) cm, glandular and hispid. Involucres campanulate, 1.5–3 × 3–5 mm, slightly to densely

Mentioned on page 93, 245, 246, 247, 250, 252. Shrubs or subshrubs. Stems ascending to erect, 22–100 cm, glaucous. Leaves: cauline 6–18 pairs, sessile, (8–)

with spreading thin, small-leafed epigeous soboles to 5 cm. Stems many, ascending, often sigmoidally bent, nod­ding distally, later erect, clumped or mat-forming

Webb and R. J. Gornall 1989). The stigmas and styles are typically two; occasional flowers on plants in some species have three or, rarely, four stigmas

to ± matted, usually grayish to grayish green. Stems ascending to erect, (1–) 2–7 dm, hairs ascending to appressed. Basal leaves ± planar, (4–) 8–20 (–30)

dm; from a woody caudex; with woody, branching roots. Stems few-to-many, ascending to erect, much-branched, usually with prominent leafy axillary shoots,

midvein, margins scarious, narrow to broad. Perigynia becoming divergent or slightly deflexed, yellow, olive, or at maturity chestnut-brown, obscurely to evidently

taproot or stout, branched roots. Stems solitary or few to several, erect to ascending, less commonly bent at base, unbranched, sometimes branched distally, hairs

adaxial surfaces coarsely hairy. Panicles 9-55 cm, open; branches 1-8 cm, ascending to spreading, with 1-6 spikelets; pedicels 1-5 mm. Glumes subequal, 5.5-15

flexuous, pubescent as stem distally. Fruiting pedicels divaricate to ascending, straight, 2–6 (–8) mm, pubescent as rachis. Flowers: sepals ovate, 2–3

in fruit; rachis not flexuous, glabrous. Fruiting pedicels divaricate-ascending, often straight, (1–) 2–5 (–6) mm, glabrous. Flowers: sepals (green or

sparsely hispid, densely stipitate-glandular, adaxial scabrous; distal slightly reduced, rapidly becoming bracts in arrays. Heads 1–15+, usually borne

blade similar to basal. Racemes (5–) 9–18 (–23) -flowered, ebracteate, slightly elongated in fruit; rachis not flexuous, pubescent as stems proximally

University Plants cespitose, pale bluish or grayish-green. Culms erect to ascending, densely puberulent, longer hairs often present also, at least on the lower

explanation. Cropping by grazing animals results in occasional plants that branch. Plants with slightly curved corolla beaks were described as Orthocarpus

2-or 3-pinnate, forming ascending series of flat, frondose tiers. Hylocomium 9 Stems simple or 1-pinnate, not forming ascending series of fronds. > 10 10

may be ascending or erect. Some ferns have upright stems like tiny tree trunks (caudices) and are unable to form colonies except for occasional upright